Soil Science (2025) — Agri Master Mind

Buffer zones are essential in a certified organic farm because:(A) It checks the run-off water(B) It can control the entry of contaminants(C) It protects the organic farm from entry of spray drift(D) It checks the invasion of pests from adjoining conventional fields
  • (B), (C), and (D) only
  • (A), (B), and (D) only
  • (A), (B), (C), and (D)
  • (A), (C), and (D) only
The neutralizing value of calcium oxide is:
  • 86
  • 136
  • 100
  • 179
A soil under long-term intensive tillage begins to show poor aggregation and reduced infiltration. Which combination of practices is most likely to restore soil structure effectively over time?
  • Increase ploughing depth and frequency
  • Apply chemical fertilizers and remove residues
  • Incorporate organic amendments and reduce tillage
  • Shift to higher water-use-efficient crops
Which of the following conversions is correct?(A) 1 bar = 100 kPa(B) 1 ha = 2.5 acres(C) 1 g/cm³ = 100 kg/m³(D) Percent = ppm/1000
  • (A), (B), and (D) only
  • (A) and (B) only
  • (C) and (D) only
  • (B), (C), and (D) only
The soil heat capacity is highest in which of the following conditions?
  • Dry sandy soil
  • Organic-rich dry soil
  • Frozen loam soil
  • Wet clayey soil
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Lime is commonly used for the reclamation of acidic soil.Reason (R): When lime is added to soil, the exchangeable hydrogen and aluminium ions on clay–organic colloid complex as well as the H⁺ ions in soil solution are displaced by calcium ions.
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the explanation of (A)
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is NOT the explanation of (A)
  • (A) is correct, but (R) is not correct
  • (A) is not correct, but (R) is correct
Which of the following is NOT a source of fund for Panchayats?
  • Tax assignment and tax sharing from Government
  • Grant from Government
  • Own tax and non-tax revenue
  • Loans from Nationalised Bank
Match the following land surfaces with their slope percentages. List–I (Land Surface) List–II (Slope %) (A) Flat (I) 11–15 (B) Undulating (II) <2 (C) Rolling (III) 6–10 (D) Mountainous (IV) >30 Options:
  • (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
Match the following terminologies with their definitions. List–I (Terminology) List–II (Definition) (A) Petrology (I) The branch of geology that deals with the detailed description and classification of rocks (B) Pedogenesis (II) Study of soil genesis, classification, and mapping (C) Petrography (III) The scientific study of rocks, including their origin, composition, and structure (D) Pedology (IV) Study of the origin of rocks Options:
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
Which type of soil water is most readily available for plant uptake?
  • Hygroscopic water
  • Capillary water
  • Gravitational water
  • Chemically bound water
Optical pyrometer is used to measure:
  • Thermal conductivity
  • Soil temperature
  • Specific heat
  • Thermal diffusivity
Which of the following pesticides are banned for use?(A) Chlordane(B) Carbofuran(C) Allethrin(D) Toxaphene
  • (B) and (D) only
  • (A) and (D) only
  • (C) and (D) only
  • (A) and (C) only
Arrange the following in increasing order of abundance of elements in Earth’s crust:(A) Oxygen(B) Silicon(C) Iron(D) Aluminium
  • (C), (D), (B), (A)
  • (A), (B), (C), (D)
  • (B), (A), (D), (C)
  • (C), (B), (D), (A)
What is the common name of ‘HCOOH’?
  • Formic acid
  • Acetic acid
  • Propionic acid
  • Butyric acid
With the increase in CEC and percentage base saturation of a soil, the fixation of both K⁺ and NH₄⁺ will:
  • Increase
  • Remain unchanged
  • Decrease
  • First increase and then decrease
Match the following methods with their associated nutrients. List–I (Method) List–II (Nutrient) (A) Mehlich's Cunninghamella plaque method (I) K (B) Azotobacter method (II) P (C) Aspergillus niger test (III) C (D) Walkley and Black method (IV) Ca
  • (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
  • (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
Arrange the following parameters affecting irrigation water quality in the sequence: (A) Turbidity (B) Electrical Conductivity (EC) (C) Dissolved Oxygen (DO) (D) Microbial Contamination
  • (A), (B), (D), (C)
  • (A), (B), (C), (D)
  • (B), (A), (D), (C)
  • (C), (B), (D), (A)
A saturated soil profile has a hydraulic gradient of 0.5 and a hydraulic conductivity of 0.8 cm/hr. What is the water flow rate (Darcy velocity) through the soil?
  • 0.4 cm/hr
  • 0.8 cm/hr
  • 1.2 cm/hr
  • 0.25 cm/hr
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R). Assertion (A): Kaolinite is a non-expanding clay mineral when wetted. Reason (R): The tetrahedral and octahedral sheets in Kaolinite are held together tightly by hydrogen bonding.
  • Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) is the explanation of (A)
  • Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) is NOT the explanation of (A)
  • (A) is true, but (R) is false
  • (A) is false, but (R) is true
Match the following reduction processes with their redox potentials. List–I (Process) List–II (Redox potential, mV) (A) NO₃⁻ → N₂ (I) +280 to +220 (B) Fe³⁺ → Fe²⁺ (II) +180 to +150 (C) SO₄²⁻ → S²⁻ (III) –200 to –280 (D) CO₂ → CH₄ (IV) –120 to –180
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
Alkali soils are characterized by:(A) EC of saturation extract <4 dSm⁻¹(B) ESP >15(C) pH >8.5(D) pH 8.5–10
  • (A), (B), and (D) only
  • (A), (B), and (C) only
  • (A), (B), (C), and (D)
  • (B), (C), and (D) only
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Organic matter decreases P fixation.Reason (R): Humate ions replace phosphate by anion exchange.
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) is the explanation of (A)
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is NOT the explanation of (A)
  • (A) is correct, but (R) is not correct
  • (A) is not correct, but (R) is correct
A sequence of soils developed from similar parent material under similar climatic conditions, but differing in drainage and relief is called:
  • Catena
  • Pedon
  • Cutan
  • Caliche
Organic matter is important in soil structure because:(A) It plays a role in the formation of soil structure(B) It helps in the stabilization of granular and crumb structure(C) It helps in the formation of water-stable aggregates(D) It helps in dispersion of soil particles
  • (A), (B), and (D) only
  • (A), (B), and (C) only
  • (B), (C), and (D) only
  • (A), (C), and (D) only
Which statement(s) about the half-life of a radioactive source is/are correct?(A) It is half the time for the radioactive source to be completely safe.(B) It is half the time for the radioactive atom to decay.(C) It is half the time for the radioactivity to decrease to zero.(D) It is the time for the activity of the source to decrease by half.
  • (A), (B), and (D) only
  • (B) and (D) only
  • (A), (B), (C), and (D)
  • (D) only
Presence of which of the following decreases NH₄⁺ in soils?(A) Al³⁺(B) AlOH cations(C) Fe³⁺(D) Ca²⁺
  • (A) and (B) only
  • (A), (B), and (D) only
  • (A), (B), (C), and (D)
  • (B), (C), and (D) only
Match the following terms with their definitions. List–I (Term) List–II (Definition) (A) Live Mulching (I) No tillage, soil cover, crop rotation (B) Soil erosion (II) Rainfall ≥2.5 mm/day (C) Rainy day (III) Removal of soil particles (D) Conservation Agriculture (IV) Conserves moisture, suppresses weeds
  • (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)
  • (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
______ is a double chain inosilicate.
  • Pyroxene
  • Muscovite
  • Quartz
  • Amphibole
Match the following environmental practices with their descriptions. List–I List–II (A). Bioremediation (I). Uses natural or engineered wetlands to treat polluted water through various processes like filtration and microbial degradation. (B). Constructed wetlands (II). Involves managing and reducing the sources of pollution at their origin to prevent their release into the environment. (C). Source control (III). Utilizes biological organisms to degrade or remove pollutants from contaminated soil or water. (D). Erosion control practices (IV). Implements physical structures or techniques to prevent soil loss and reduce sediment runoff, thereby controlling water pollution.
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (III), (D) – (IV)
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (IV), (C) – (III), (D) – (II)
  • (A) – (III), (B) – (I), (C) – (II), (D) – (IV)
  • (A) – (III), (B) – (IV), (C) – (I), (D) – (II)
Given below are two statements, labelled as Statement (I) and Statement (II).Statement (I): Dr. K. Kasturirangan was the ISRO Chairperson during India's first lunar probe, Chandrayaan-I.Statement (II): Under his chairmanship, PSLV and GSLV were successfully launched.
  • Both (I) and (II) are true
  • Both (I) and (II) are false
  • (I) is true, but (II) is false
  • (I) is false, but (II) is true
Which of the following is a type of compost?
  • Enrich Compost
  • Vermicompost
  • Farm Compost
  • Town Compost
The extent of utilization of applied nitrogen by crops is indicated by:(A) Apparent N recovery(B) Agronomic efficiency(C) Production efficiency(D) Physiological N efficiency
  • (A), (B), and (D) only
  • (B) and (D) only
  • (A), (B), (C), and (D)
  • (B), (C), and (D) only
Which sector is the backbone of the Indian economy, contributing significantly to GDP and employment?
  • Manufacturing
  • Information technology
  • Finance
  • Agriculture
The ideal oxygen concentration in soil air for optimal root respiration is approximately:
  • 5–10%
  • 10–15%
  • 15–20%
  • 25%
An organism that fixes atmospheric nitrogen non-symbiotically:
  • Rhizobium
  • Azotobacter
  • Frankia
  • Azolla
Which indicators are considered in Land Capability Classification?(A) Soil texture(B) Slope(C) Drainage conditions(D) Distance to urban areas
  • (A), (C), and (D) only
  • (A), (B), and (D) only
  • (A), (B), (C), and (D)
  • (A), (B), and (C) only
Match the diagnostic horizons with their features. List-l List-ll Diagnostic horizon Major features (A). Argillic (1). Accumulation of salts in soil sursurface (B). Ochric (II). Silicate clay accumulation in the subsurface soil (C). Salic (III). Light-colored, low organic matter, hard and massive when dry (D). Mollic (IV). Thick, dark-coloured, high-base saturation, well-developed structure Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • (A) – (III), (B) – (II), (C) – (I), (D) – (IV)
  • (A) – (II), (B) – (III), (C) – (I), (D) – (IV)
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (IV), (C) – (II), (D) – (III)
  • (A) – (IV), (B) – (I), (C) – (III), (D) – (II)
The most abundant element in Earth’s crust is:
  • Oxygen
  • Silicon
  • Aluminium
  • Iron
Match plant responses with their definitions. List-I (Response) List-II (Definition) (A) Phototropism (I) Bending towards light (B) Geotropism (II) Response to gravity (C) Thigmotropism (III) Response to touch (D) Photoperiodism (IV) Response to day length
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
A stem-nodulating plant:
  • Glyricidia maculata
  • Sesbania rostrata
  • Pongaia glabra
  • Sesbania aculeata
Active soil-forming factors are:(A) Parent material(B) Climate(C) Time(D) Organism
  • (A), (B), and (D) only
  • (B) and (D) only
  • (A), (B), (C), and (D)
  • (B), (C), and (D) only
Match the following scientists with their contributions. List-I (Scientist) List-II (Contribution) (A) Wind erosion (I) W.S. Chepil (B) Soil infiltration (II) D. Hillel (C) Soil moisture limit (III) A.M. Atterberg (D) Soil catena (IV) G. Milne
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(IV), (C)-(III), (D)-(II)
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
The salt-tolerant mechanism in barley is:
  • Osmoregulation
  • Exclusion
  • Heat of solution
  • Exosmosis
Fulvic acid is soluble in:
  • Acid only
  • Alkali only
  • Water only
  • Acid, alkali, and water
A soil sample has a bulk density of 1.5 g/cm³ and particle density of 2.65 g/cm³. What is its total porosity (%)?
  • 35.5%
  • 44.4%
  • 55.2%
  • 43.4%
Given below are two statements, labelled as Statement (I) and Statement (II).Statement (I): Soil porosity can be calculated as [1 − (bulk density / particle density)] × 100%.Statement (II): Porosity is inversely related to bulk density.
  • Both (I) and (II) are true
  • Both (I) and (II) are false
  • (I) is true but (II) is false
  • (I) is false but (II) is true
Which type of water is NOT available for plants?(A) Hygroscopic water(B) Capillary water(C) Gravitational water(D) Oven-dry water
  • (A), (B), and (D) only
  • (A), (C), and (D) only
  • (A), (B), (C), and (D)
  • (B), (C), and (D) only
Match the following pesticides correctly. List-I (Source) List-II (Compound) (A) Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Pyrethrin-I (B) Derris Rotenoids (C) Nicotinoids Jasmolin (D) Chrysanthemum cinerariaefolium Leguminosae
  • (A) and (D) only
  • (B) and (D) only
  • (A) and (B) only
  • (B), (C), and (D) only
The most precise method to measure stable isotopes is:
  • Flame photometry
  • Mass spectrometry
  • Atomic absorption spectrometry
  • Chromatography
Dominant cations in saline soils are:(A) Na⁺(B) K⁺(C) Ca²⁺(D) Mg²⁺
  • (A), (B), and (D) only
  • (A), (C), and (D) only
  • (A), (B), (C), and (D)
  • (B), (C), and (D) only
Sequence the milestones in GIS history from earliest to latest.(A) First use of aerial photography in mapping(B) Introduction of GPS for civilian use(C) Development of Landsat satellite program(D) Commercial availability of GIS software
  • (A), (B), (C), (D)
  • (B), (A), (D), (C)
  • (A), (C), (D), (B)
  • (C), (B), (D), (A)
Which practice helps reduce soil erosion in organic farming?
  • Removing all vegetation
  • Ploughing along the slope
  • Implementing contour ploughing and maintaining ground cover
  • Using heavy machinery frequently
Processes associated with physical weathering of rocks: (A) Oxidation (B) Frost action (C) Abrasion (D) Carbonation
  • (B) and (D) only
  • (B) and (C) only
  • (A), (B), (C), and (D)
  • (B), (C), and (D) only
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Break of monsoon at critical stages causes soil moisture stress, reducing yield.Reason (R): Yield reduction occurs only when the monsoon break exceeds 15 days.
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) explains (A)
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) does not explain (A)
  • (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect
  • (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct
Evaluate the statements about pesticides.(I) Ecdysones are insect molting hormones(II) Strychnine is from Rauwolfia(III) Carbamates were linked to the Bhopal gas incident(IV) Rotenone is a natural insecticide and herbicide
  • (I), (III), (IV) true; (II) false
  • (I), (III), (IV) false; (II) true
  • (I), (II), (IV) true; (III) false
  • (I), (II), (IV) false; (III) true
The weathering index of quartz is:
  • 3
  • 6
  • 1
  • 4
Match rocks with their metamorphic forms. List-I (Rock) List-II (Metamorphic Form) (A) Basalt (I) Quartz-schist (B) Granite (II) Soapstone (C) Marble (III) Gneiss (D) Quartzite (IV) Schists
  • (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Field capacity is the amount of water held in the soil after excess water has drained away and the rate of downward movement has materially decreased. This approach is always criticized.Reason (R): Field capacity is not truly an equilibrium water content, it is the water content at which the soil water flux out of the rooting zone becomes negligible and no significant change in water content occurs with time.
  • Both Statement (1) and Statement (II) are correct.
  • Both Statement (1) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
  • Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
  • Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.
Consequences of accelerated soil erosion:(A) Declined soil fertility(B) Sedimentation in water bodies(C) Increased organic matter(D) Reduced rooting depth
  • (A), (B), (D) only
  • (A), (C), (D) only
  • (B), (C), (D) only
  • (A), (B), (C) only
Match books with authors. List-l List-ll (A). Introduction to Environmental Soil Physics (I). J Sehgal (B). Soil Chemical Analysis (II). R.R. Weil and N.C. Brady (C). A Textbook of Pedology (III). D. Hillel (D). The Nature and Propeties of Soil (IV). M.L. Jackson Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • (A) – (IV), (B) – (III), (C) – (II), (D) – (I)
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (III), (D) – (IV)
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (IV), (D) – (III)
  • (A) – (III), (B) – (IV), (C) – (I), (D) – (II)
Given below are two statements.Statement (I): Acid sulfate soils can be neutralized with lime to raise pH.Statement (II): These soils have pH <4, harming vegetation and aquatic life.
  • Both (I) and (II) are true
  • Both (I) and (II) are false
  • (I) is true but (II) is false
  • (I) is false but (II) is true
Match minerals with their ores. List-I (Mineral) List-II (Ore) (A) Iron (I) Pyrolusite (B) Copper (II) Malachite (C) Zinc (III) Goethite (D) Manganese (IV) Sphalerite
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
Match soil horizons with features. List-I List-II (A) Thick man-made surface horizon produced by continued manuring with sod (I) oxic horizon (B) Subsurface horizon of low activity clay with or without clay skins (II) Salic horizon (C) Horizon enriched with Fe and Al oxides with dominance of 1:1 type clay minerals and from where silica is leached (III) Plaggen horizon (D) A horizon with secondary accumulation of water soluble salts (IV) Kandic horizon
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (IV), (C) – (III), (D) – (II)
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (IV), (D) – (III)
  • (A) – (III), (B) – (II), (C) – (I), (D) – (IV)
  • (A) – (III), (B) – (IV), (C) – (I), (D) – (II)
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Soil compaction reduces microbial activity.Reason (R): Compaction decreases macropores, limiting oxygen diffusion.
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) explains (A)
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) does not explain (A)
  • (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect
  • (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct
Given below are two statements:Statement (I): In most soil surveys, a practical lower limit of the pedon is bedrock or a depth of about 2 m, whichever is swallow.Statement (II): Benchmark soils had the concept of identifying and describing soil series.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
  • Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
  • Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
  • Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
  • Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.
Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Denitrification involves the microbial reduction of nitrate and nitrite under anaerobic conditions with the release and loss of molecular nitrogen, or of oxides of N.Statement (II): Denitrification proceeds only when the nitrogen supply in soil is too low to meet the requirements of denitrifying organisms.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
  • Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are correct.
  • Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
  • Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
  • Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.
Which of the following statement combinations is correct?(A). A sequence of related soils that differ from one another, primarily due to the variation in time as a soil-forming factor, is called 'Chronosequence'(B). A sequence of related soils that differ from one another, primarily due to the climate as a soil-forming factor, is called 'Climosequence'(C). A sequence of related soils that differ from one another, primarily due to variation in time as a soil-forming factor, is called 'Lithosequence'(D). A group of related soils that differ from one another, primarily due to differences in slopes as a soil-forming factor, is called 'Lithosequence'
  • (B), (C) and (D) only.
  • (A), (B) and (D) only.
  • (A), (B), (C) and (D).
  • (A), (C) and (D) only.
Match nutrient extraction methods.Match List-I with List-II List-I List-II (A) Phosphorus (I) DTPA extractant (B) Potassium (II) Neutral 1 normal ammonium acetate (C) Sulphur (III) Olsen reagent (D) Iron (IV) Morgans reagent Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • (A) - (III), (B) - (II), (C) - (IV), (D) - (I)
  • (A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
  • (A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
  • (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)
The ratio of crop evapotranspiration (AET) to potential evapotranspiration (PET) is called:
  • Crop coefficient
  • Albedo
  • Pan coefficient
  • Bowen’s ratio
Given soil diffusivity = 10² cm²/sec and hydraulic conductivity = 10⁻⁴ cm/sec, the differential water capacity is:
  • 10⁻⁵ cm
  • 10⁻² cm⁻¹
  • 10⁻⁶ cm⁻¹
  • 10⁻² cm
Arrange waterlogged soil features in sequence.(A) Reduced oxygen(B) Grayish color(C) Anaerobic microbial activity(D) Restricted root growth
  • (A) → (C) → (B) → (D)
  • (A) → (B) → (C) → (D)
  • (B) → (A) → (D) → (C)
  • (C) → (B) → (D) → (A)
Old alluvial soils are called:
  • Khadar
  • Bhangar
  • Regur
  • Bhai
Which tillage leaves 30% crop residues on soil?
  • Conventional Tillage
  • Conservation Tillage
  • Ridge Tillage
  • Furrow Tillage
Arrange fertilizers by decreasing phosphorus content.(A) Single superphosphate(B) Ammonium metaphosphate(C) Basic slag(D) Diammonium phosphate
  • (D) → (B) → (C) → (A)
  • (B) → (D) → (A) → (C)
  • (C) → (B) → (D) → (A)
  • (A) → (B) → (C) → (D)
Match silicate types with minerals. List-I (Silicate type) List-II (Mineral) (A) Nesosilicate (I) Pyroxene (B) Inosilicate (II) Olivine (C) Sorosilicate (III) Epidote (D) Cyclosilicate (IV) Tourmaline
  • (A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
  • (A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
Match soil research with impacts. List-I (Research area) List-II (Impact) (A) Soil colloids (I) CEC understanding (B) Organic carbon models (II) Climate mitigation (C) Compaction studies (III) Root aeration (D) Precision mapping (IV) Nutrient management
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(II), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): The Soil water characteristic curve is different for a desorption (drying) and a Sorption (wetting) phenomenonReason (R): The contact angle of water on solid walls of pores, as well as the radius of curvature, is smaller during desorption than Sorption; a high contact angle hysteresis leads to the "ink-bottle" effect, where the capillary rise height is shorter during wetting than drying.
  • Both (A) and (R) are true, and (R) explains (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are true, but (R) does not explain (A).
  • (A) is true but (R) is false.
  • (A) is false but (R) is true.
Arrange minerals by decreasing C-axis spacing.(A) Kaolinite(B) Mica(C) Halloysite(D) Montmorillonite
  • (D) → (C) → (B) → (A)
  • (A) → (B) → (C) → (D)
  • (B) → (A) → (D) → (C)
  • (C) → (B) → (D) → (A)
Mechanical movement of clay/iron oxides without chemical change is:
  • Lessivage
  • Illuviation
  • Emigration
  • Leaching
Biochar is rich in:
  • Labile carbon
  • Nitrogen
  • Recalcitrant carbon
  • Silicon
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Irrigation water with a high Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) can deteriorate soil structureReason (R): High SAR water promotes dispersion of clay particles and reduces soil permeability.In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.
  • Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
  • (A) is true but (R) is false.
  • (A) is false but (R) is true.
Potassium deficiency is induced by toxicity of:
  • Manganese
  • Nitrogen
  • Magnesium
  • Calcium
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Contour ploughing conserves soil.Reason (R): It slows water flow, reducing erosion.
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) explains (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) does not explain (A).
  • (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
  • (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Phosphate fixation occurs via:(A) Isomorphous replacement(B) Adsorption(C) Double decomposition(D) Desorption
  • (A), (B), (C) only
  • (A), (B), (D) only
  • All (A)–(D)
  • (B), (C), (D) only
What does remote sensing primarily detect to analyze vegetation health in agriculture?
  • Soil nutrient availability
  • Leaf morphology
  • Electromagnetic radiation reflected by plants
  • Crop rooting depth
A field planted with salt-sensitive crops (e.g., beans) is scheduled for irrigation. The water available has an EC of 2.2 dS/m. What should the farmer consider doing?(A). Proceed with normal irrigation(B). Increase fertilizer application to offset salt effects(C). Use alternate furrow irrigation to reduce salt buildup(D). Avoid using this water or blend with better-quality waterChoose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • (A) only.
  • (B), and (C) only.
  • (A) and (B) only.
  • (D) only.
Self-government institution for rural areas under Article 243B is:(A) Gram Sabha(B) Village Service(C) Panchayat(D) Gramin Sabha
  • (C) only
  • (A) and (B)
  • (B) only
  • (B) and (D)
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Statement (I) and the other as Statement (II).Statement (I): Red/laterite soils are low in potassium.Statement (II): They are dominated by kaolinite clay.
  • Both (I) and (II) are correct.
  • Both (I) and (II) are incorrect.
  • (I) is correct but (II) is incorrect.
  • (I) is incorrect but (II) is correct.
Arrange the following parameters affecting irrigation water quality in agriculture in the correct sequence:(A). Total Dissolved Solids (TDS)(B). Heavy Metal Concentration(C). Water Temperature(D). pH levelChoose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • (A), (B), (C), (D).
  • (A), (C), (B), (D).
  • (B), (A), (D), (C).
  • (D), (A), (B), (C).
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Organic farming offers various advantages over conventional methods.Reason (R): Organic farming promotes environmental sustainability, produces healthier food, and reduces the risk of chemical contamination, aligning with growing consumer demand for ethically and sustainably produced food.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
  • (A) is correct but (R) is not correct.
  • (A) is not correct but (R) is correct.
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Dicots have higher CEC, absorbing more divalent cations.Reason (R): Monocots have lower CEC, absorbing monovalent cations.
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) explains (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) does not explain (A).
  • (A) is correct but (R) is incorrect.
  • (A) is incorrect but (R) is correct.
Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Statement (I) and the other as Statement (II).Statement (I): ISRO's latest Earth Observation Satellite is EOS-8.Statement (II): It has 5 optical bands for environmental monitoring.
  • Both (I) and (II) are true
  • Both (I) and (II) are false
  • (I) is true but (II) is false
  • (I) is false but (II) is true
Which is NOT a herbicide?
  • Sodium chlorate
  • Sodium arsenite
  • Polyphosphate
  • Triazines
Arrange nutrients by decreasing redox potential in waterlogged soil.(A) Iron(B) Nitrogen(C) Sulfur(D) Oxygen
  • (D) → (B) → (A) → (C)
  • (A) → (B) → (C) → (D)
  • (B) → (A) → (D) → (C)
  • (A) → (B) → (D) → (C)
Match precision farming terms:List-I List-II(A). Precision Farming (1). Providing accurate location data for real-time monitoring of crop growth and health.(B). Tractor Guidance (II). Assisting in precisely navigating agricultural machinery during field operations.(C). Crop Monitoring (III). Mapping and recording variations in crop yield across fields for informed decision-making.(D). Yield Mapping (IV). Enabling precise application of inputs such as fertilizers and pesticides based on specific field conditions.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • (A) – (IV), (B) – (II), (C) – (I), (D) – (III)
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (III), (D) – (IV)
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (IV), (D) – (III)
  • (A) – (III), (B) – (IV), (C) – (I), (D) – (II)
Statements about disaccharides:(A) Sucrose and trehalose are non-reducing(B) Sucrose is dextrorotatory(C) Lactose has β(1→4) glucose linkage(D) Cellobiose has β(1→4) glycosidic bond
  • (A), (C), (D) only
  • (A), (B), (D) only
  • A,B,C,D
  • (B), (C), (D) only
Pesticide matches:(A) Azadirachtin – Neem(B) Bifenthrin – Pyrethroid(C) Reserpine – Strychnos(D) Benzyl benzoate – Repellent
  • (A), (B), (D) only
  • (A), (C), (D) only
  • A.B,C,D
  • (B), (C), (D) only
The soil hydraulic head is(A). Potential energy per unit mass(B). Potential energy per unit weight(C). Potential energy per unit volume(D). Soil water matric potential only(E). Combination of gravity and pressure headChoose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • (A) and (E) only.
  • (A), (B) and (D) only.
  • (B) and (E) only
  • (B), (C) and (D) only.
Match List-I with List-II List-I List-II (A). Chemistry of Pesticides (I). Herbicide (B). Albendazol (II). Acaricide (C). 10 -E- 12-Z-hexadecanol (III). Pheromone (D). 2,4-D (IV). N.K. Roy Choose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • (A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
  • (A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (III), (D) - (II)
  • (A) - (IV), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (I)
  • (A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)
Breeding crops for higher nutritional value is called:
  • Biofortification
  • Green Revolution
  • Genetic modification
  • Sustainable Agriculture
Given below are two statements, one labelled as Statement (I) and the other as Statement (II).Statement (I): The TDR (Time Domain Reflectometry) method measures soil moisture content by analyzing the travel time of electromagnetic pulses through the soil, providing precise numerical readings.Statement (II): The hand-feel method assigns a numerical value to soil moisture content based on the subjective assessment of soil texture and dampness, leading to potential inaccuracies.
  • In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below. Both (I) and (II) are true
  • Both (I) and (II) are false
  • (I) is true but (II) is false
  • (I) is false but (II) is true
Adding sheep/goat manure to fields overnight is called:
  • Heaping
  • Penning
  • Swine
  • Litter
Chemical formula of hydragillite:
  • FeO(OH)·nH₂O
  • Al₂O₃·H₂O
  • FeCO₃
  • Ca₃(PO₄)₃
Given below are two statements, one labelled as Statement (I) and the other as Statement (II).Statement (I): Compost is a more balanced soil amendment that improves soil structure and health over time.Statement (II): Manure is a quicker source of nutrients, especially nitrogen, but requires more care and potentially composting for optimal use.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
  • Both (I) and (II) are true
  • Both (I) and (II) are false
  • (I) is true but (II) is false
  • (I) is false but (II) is true
Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Jute Agro Textiles mulching controls soil erosion and improves soil water retention.Reason (R): Intensive tillage-based agricultural production systems have harmed the quality of soil, water, and biodervisityIn light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.
  • Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
  • Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
  • (A) is true but (R) is false.
  • (A) is false but (R) is true.
Match research institutes with locations: List–I List–II (A). Central Arid Zone Research Institute is located at (I). Junagadh, Gujarat (B). Central Soil and Water Conservation Research and Training Institute is located at (II). Karnal, Haryana (C). Directorate of Wheat Research is located at (III). Dehradun, Uttarakhand (D). National Research Center for Groundnut is located at (IV). Jodhpur, Rajasthan
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (III), (D) – (IV)
  • (A) – (IV), (B) – (III), (C) – (II), (D) – (I)
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (IV), (D) – (III)
  • (A) – (III), (B) – (IV), (C) – (I), (D) – (II)
Relative Growth Rate measures dry weight increase per:
  • Unit area over time
  • Unit ground area
  • Unit leaf area
  • Unit weight over time
When rainfall is inadequate to meet the evapotranspiration losses, usually occurs in humid regions.(A). Invisible drought(B). Contingent drought(C). Meteorological drought(D). Permanent droughtChoose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • (B) only.
  • (A) only.
  • (C) only.
  • (D) only.
Arrange soils by decreasing thermal conductivity:(A) Sand(B) Loam(C) Clay(D) Peat
  • (A)→(B)→(C)→(D)
  • (C)→(B)→(A)→(D)
  • (B)→(A)→(D)→(C)
  • (D)→(C)→(B)→(A)
Key benefit of crop diversification:
  • Reduces crop failure risk
  • Increases monoculture reliance
  • Decreases soil health
  • Lowers farm income
Unit of particle density is:
  • g/m³
  • kg/m³
  • g/kg
  • Mg/m³
Given below are two statements, one labelled as Assertion (A) and the other as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Mineral-rich soils have higher temperatures than organic soils.Reason (R): Organic matter has higher specific heat.
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, and (R) explains (A)
  • Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) does not explain (A)
  • (A) is true but (R) is false
  • (A) is false but (R) is true
Given below are two statements, one labelled as Statement (I) and the other as Statement (II).Statement (I): The quantity of heat required to raise the temperature of unit volume of soil by 1°C is known as thermal conductivityStatement (II): The quantity of heat passing in unit time through unit area of soil under a unit temperature difference between the two faces is called volumetric heat capacityIn light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.
  • Both Statement (1) and Statement (II) are correct.
  • Both Statement (1) and Statement (II) are incorrect.
  • Statement (I) is correct but Statement (II) is incorrect.
  • Statement (I) is incorrect but Statement (II) is correct.
Crop diversity is the basic building block in an organic production system-justify the statement(A). Effective utilization of nutrients present in soil due to variable rooting depth of different crops(B). Build up of soil organic carbon by leaf fall of a variety of crops(C). Less chance of risk due to crop failure(D). Protecting crops from pests and diseasesChoose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • (A) only.
  • (A) and (D) only.
  • (D) only
  • (A) and (B) only.
Nutrient involved in plant energy transfer:
  • Magnesium
  • Nitrogen
  • Boron
  • Phosphorus
Which of the following are diseases caused by Molybdenum deficiency in plants?(A). Whiptail in Cauliflower(B) Rusting of Wheat(C) Little leaf of Apple(D) Yellow spot in CitrusChoose the correct answer from the options given below:
  • (B) and (D) only.
  • (A) and (D) only.
  • (A), (B), (C) and (D).
  • (B), (C) and (D) only.
Match crops with water requirements: List-I List-II (A) Rice (I) 60–65 cm (B) Sugarcane (II) 150–250 cm (C) Wheat (III) 40–55 cm (D) Maize (IV) 100–125 cm
  • (A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
  • (A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
  • (A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
  • (A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
Bone meal is rich in:
  • Sulfur
  • Nitrogen
  • Phosphorus
  • Magnesium
Azadirachtin is a:
  • Alkaloid
  • Rotenoid
  • Polysaccharide
  • Tetranortriterpenoid
Match enzymes with processes: ist–I List–II (A). Urea hydrolysis (I). Phenol oxidase (B). Lignin hydrolysis (II). Dehydrogenase (C). Cellobiose hydrolysis (III). Urease (D). Oxidation of organic compounds (IV). β-glucosidase
  • (A) – (III), (B) – (II), (C) – (I), (D) – (IV)
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (III), (D) – (IV)
  • (A) – (I), (B) – (II), (C) – (IV), (D) – (III)
  • (A) – (III), (B) – (I), (C) – (IV), (D) – (II)