ICAR PG Plant Science - 2025 | Agri Master Mind

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Sesamum phyllody is caused by Phytoplasma and develop Witches broom symptom.Reason (R): All floral parts turn green, apical leaves also become very small and hence the name is phyllody. It is transmitted by both leaf hopper (Orosius albicinctus) and aphids.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Both (A) and (R) are correct, but (R) is not the completely correct explanation of (A).
(A) is correct but (R) is not correct.
(A) is not correct but (R) is correct.

During its growth through the style, the pollen tube’s cell wall is modified to facilitate its progression and interaction with the female tissues. Which of the following components is primarily involved in the strengthening and extension of the pollen tube cell wall?

Lignin
Cellulose and pectin
Suberin
Chitin

In Frederick Griffith’s transformation experiment (1928), the following activities were performed. Arrange the activities in proper sequential order from first to last.(A) Injected mice with live R-strain: Mice lived.(B) Injected mice with a mixture of heat-killed S-strain and live R-strain: Mice died.(C) Injected mice with live S-strain: Mice died.(D) Injected mice with heat-killed S-strain: Mice lived.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (C), (B), (D)
(A), (C), (D), (B)
(B), (A), (D), (C)
(C), (A), (D), (B)

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Heterosis breeding involves crossing two genetically diverse inbred lines to produce F₁ hybrids with superior traits.Statement (II): The vigour observed in F₁ hybrids remains unchanged for many subsequent generations if the hybrid is self-pollinated.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

During the development of the female gametophyte (megagametogenesis) in angiosperms, the functional megaspore that results from meiotic division of the megasporocyte proceeds through a specific sequence of nuclear events. Which of the following options best characterizes this developmental pathway?

The functional megaspore undergoes a single meiotic division followed by cytokinesis to directly form the egg apparatus.
Following meiotic reduction, the surviving megaspore completes three successive mitotic divisions without immediate cellular partitioning, leading to an eight-nucleate, seven-celled embryo sac.
All four megaspores formed by meiosis contribute equally to the formation of a sixteen-nucleate mature female gametophyte.
The megaspore enters two rounds of meiosis followed by syngamy-independent nuclear fusion events forming a triploid embryo sac prior to fertilization.

The ‘random cup method’ of seed sampling techniques is particularly suitable for seeds that are not extremely chaffy, do not tend to bounce or roll and require a representative working sample of size (gram):

Up to 10 grams
Up to 50 grams
Up to 100 grams
Up to 150 grams

The fourth rule of Koch’s postulates was contributed by:

Robert Koch
Antonie van Leeuwenhoek
E. F. Smith
Julius Oscar Brefeld

The megaspore mother cell (MMC) in angiosperms undergoes meiosis to produce:

Four microspores, of which usually one is functional
Four megaspores, of which usually one is functional
A diploid embryo sac
A triploid endosperm

In plant species exhibiting alternation of generations (sporophyte, gametophyte), the sporophytic generation is characterized by:

Haploid chromosome number and gamete production via mitosis.
Diploid chromosome number and spore production via meiosis.
Haploid chromosome number and spore production via meiosis.
Diploid chromosome number and gamete production via mitosis.

Which of the following statements is CORRECT about Nucleus Seed?

Nucleus seed is produced solely by private seed companies under minimal supervision.
Nucleus seed is a mix of different varieties bred for broad adaptation.
Nucleus seed is the genetically pure seed maintained by the original breeder or institution.
Nucleus seed is always distributed directly to farmers for commercial planting.

Integrated plant disease management is necessary for sustainability and to avoid adverse effects on the environment. Hence, step-wise one should follow the plant disease management principles like:(A) Eradication(B) Avoidance(C) Exclusion(D) Protection(E) Resistance(F) TherapyChoose the correct answer (proper sequence) from the options given below:

(B), (A), (C), (E), (D), (F)
(B), (C), (A), (E), (D), (F)
(A), (B), (C), (E), (D), (F)
(A), (D), (F), (B), (C), (E)

Given below are two statements, one is labeled as Assertion (A) and other one labeled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Trichoderma harzianum is used as a biocontrol agent against Rhizoctonia solani.Reason (R): Trichoderma harzianum parasitize Rhizoctonia by coiling around and penetrating its hyphae thus disrupting the cytoplasm and causing suppression.In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) is false but (R) is true.

Arrange the following crops in ascending order of their area under cultivation (mha-million hectares) during 2023-24 (based on Government of India data):(A) Groundnut(B) Rapeseed and Mustard(C) Soybean(D) SunflowerChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B), (C), (D)
(B), (C), (D), (A)
(C), (B), (A), (D)
(D), (A), (B), (C)

Which of the following pigment contributes to the yellow colour of the maize kernel:

Cryptocyanin
Anthocyanin
Zeaxanthin
Pyocyanin

Seed germination is a tightly regulated physiological process that requires the weakening of the seed coat to allow the emergence of the radicle. This weakening involves hormonal signaling that activates enzymes responsible for degrading specific components of the seed coat and surrounding tissues. Which of the following hormonal interactions is primarily responsible for initiating this seed coat weakening during the early stages of germination?

Synergistic action of GA and ethylene stimulating the production of cell wall-degrading enzymes.
ABA and cytokinin working together to weaken the seed coat.
Auxin and salicylic acid inhibiting cell wall reinforcement.
Ethylene and ABA collaborating to induce seed coat lignification.

Select the rRNA associated with the eukaryotic ribosomes:(A) 5S(B) 23S(C) 28S(D) 18S(E) 5.8SChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (D) and (E) only
(C), (D) and (E) only
(A), (B), (C) and (D) only
(A), (C), (D) and (E) only

Identify the yeast genera:(A) Saccharomyces(B) Stenotrophomonas(C) Rhodotorula(D) CandidaChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B) and (D) only
(A) and (D) only
(A), (B), (C) and (D)
(A), (C) and (D) only

In a typical diploid angiosperm, the unique process of double fertilization involves the fusion of two male gametes with distinct female gametophytic cells. Considering the ploidy of the gametes and the nuclei involved, what is the resultant ploidy level of the primary endosperm nucleus formed immediately after double fertilization?(A) It is haploid (n), as it originates from a single male gamete fusing with one polar nucleus.(B) It is diploid (2n), similar to the zygote, since it involves two nuclei.(C) It is triploid (3n), due to the fusion of one male nucleus with two haploid polar nuclei.(D) It becomes tetraploid (4n) if both sperm nuclei fuse with the central cell simultaneously.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) only
(C) only
(B) only
(A) and (D) only

The inheritance of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) in most sexually reproducing organisms exhibits a unique pattern primarily due to:

High rates of homologous recombination during oogenesis.
Predominant paternal inheritance of mitochondrial genomes.
Maternal inheritance of mitochondrial genomes.
Strict biparental inheritance with equal contribution from both parents.

Which is NOT a multi-parent mapping population?

MAGIC population
NAM population
Association mapping panel
F₂:3 plants

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Bacillus thuringiensis, a soil bacterium possessing Cry-1Ac gene, kills the larvae of boll worms.Reason (R): Cry-1Ac gene codes for crystal protein which is responsible for the insecticidal effect.In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) is false but (R) is true.

In hybrid sunflower seed production, what is the typical ratio of the A-line (female parent) to the R-line (male parent)?

1:1
2:1
3:1
4:1

Consider a hypothetical repressible operon under negative control. A mutation in the gene encoding the repressor protein results in a non-functional repressor that cannot bind to the operator. What would be the expected expression pattern of the structural genes in this operon?

Expression would be induced only in the presence of the corepressor.
Expression would be repressed under all conditions.
Expression would occur constitutively, regardless of the presence or absence of the corepressor.
Expression would be completely abolished.

If a typical diploid rice plant (Oryza sativa) has 2n = 24, which of the following could be an example of an aneuploid form?

A plant with 12 chromosomes
A plant with 24 chromosomes
A plant with 48 chromosomes
A plant with 25 chromosomes

A series of groundbreaking experiments were conducted by various workers that collectively led to the scientific understanding that DNA is the genetic material. Identify the key experiments from the list:(A) Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase’s Experiment (1952)(B) Frederick Griffith’s Transformation Experiment (1928)(C) Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat’s Experiment (1957)(D) Oswald Avery, Colin MacLeod, and Maclyn McCarty’s Experiment (1944)Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B) and (C) only
(A), (B) and (D) only
(A), (C) and (D) only
(B), (C) and (D) only

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Population of Actinobacteria is higher in alkaline soils.Statement (II): Actinobacteria plays an important role in the decomposition of recalcitrant compounds such as chitin, lignin and cellulose.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Transformation is a natural process in which a bacterium can take up naked DNA from the environment.Statement (II): Transformation does not cause genetic recombination.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Match List-I with List-IIList-I (Eukaryotic cell organelles)(A) Mitochondria(B) Endoplasmic reticulum (rough)(C) Golgi apparatus(D) LysosomesList-II (Major function)(I) Site of protein synthesis and modification for secretion.(II) Contains digestive enzymes to break down waste materials and debris.(III) Generates most of the cell’s supply of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).(IV) Modifies, sorts, and packages proteins and lipids for secretion or delivery to other organelles.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
(A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
(A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

Which one of the following is a rapid test to detect the mechanical damage to legume seeds?

Topographical Tetrazolium Test
X-ray Photography Test
Lactophenol Test
Ferric Chloride Test

30 / 16058 Match List-I with List-IIList-I (Pathogen)(A) Fluorescent pseudomonads(B) Ralstonia solanacearum(C) Xanthomonas species(D) Fungi and bacteriaList-II (Culture media)(I) Tetrazolium chloride agar(II) Potato dextrose agar(III) King’s B medium(IV) Yeast extract nutrient agarChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
(A)-(IV), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(I)
(A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

Match List-I with List-IIList-I (Institute)(A) Central Plantation Crops Research Institute (CPCRI)(B) Central Arid Zone Research Institute (CAZRI)(C) Central Tuber Crops Research Institute (CTCRI)(D) Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute (CSWRI)List-II (Mandates)(I) Avikanagar, Rajasthan(II) Thiruvananthapuram, Kerala(III) Jodhpur, Rajasthan(IV) Kasaragod, KeralaChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
(A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)
(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

The likelihood of an individual in a population carrying two specific alleles of a human DNA marker, each of which has a frequency of 0.3, will be:

0.03
0.06
0.18
0.09

Match List-I with List-IIList-I (Event)(A) Coining the term “Gene”(B) Construction of the first accurate physical model of DNA(C) Confirmation of the semi-conservative replication of DNA(D) Discovery of Chargaff’s RulesList-II (Scientist)(I) James Watson and Francis Crick(II) Erwin Chargaff(III) Wilhelm Johannsen(IV) Matthew Meselson and Franklin StahlChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
(A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Synchronization of flowering between parental lines ensures effective hybrid seed set.Reason (R): For effective synchronization of flowering, the seed parental line is sown earlier than the pollen parent.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
(A) is correct but (R) is not correct.
(A) is not correct but (R) is correct.

Match the following itemsList-I (Marker technique)(A) RFLP(B) RAPD(C) AFLP(D) SSR (Microsatellite)List-II (Description)(I) Uses short arbitrary primers under low-stringency PCR(II) Polymorphisms detected by restriction enzymes and Southern blot(III) Tandem repeats amplified by specific flanking primers(IV) Combines restriction digestion with selective PCR amplificationChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
(A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
(A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)

Arrange the following legal instruments in chronological order of their adoption/ enactment:(A) Convention on Biological Diversity(B) Protection of Plant Varieties and Farmers’ Rights Act, India(C) Biological Diversity Act, India(D) International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and AgricultureChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

A → B → C → D
A → D → B → C
B → A → D → C
C → A → B → D

Certain plant species produce recalcitrant seeds that are highly sensitive to desiccation and low temperatures, making traditional seed banking unsuitable. Which of the following ex situ conservation approaches is most appropriate for long-term preservation of such species, and why?

Establishing field gene banks, because natural conditions are best replicated in situ.
Conventional seed storage in dry, cold conditions, as it maximizes longevity.
In vitro tissue culture combined with cryopreservation, as it circumvents the drying intolerance.
Botanical gardens, since they provide a semi-controlled outdoor environment.

Which of the following best describes the primary mechanism by which histone modifications contribute to heritable changes in gene activity without altering the DNA sequence?

They directly alter the base pairing within the DNA double helix.
They recruit DNA repair enzymes that introduce specific mutations.
They influence chromatin compaction and accessibility to transcription factors.
They lead to the degradation of specific mRNA transcripts.

The classic ‘Operon’ structure, which consists of a cluster of genes under the control of a single promoter, and is transcribed together into a single polycistronic mRNA molecule, is primarily found in:

Viruses only
Eukaryotes only
Prokaryotes (Bacteria and Archaea)
Both prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Seed certification processes typically involve several key steps as given below. Arrange the steps in the correct sequence order from the start to the end.(A) Supervision at post-harvest stages, including processing and packaging(B) Receipt and scrutiny of application, and verification of seed source(C) Seed sampling and testing for genetic purity and seed health, and grant of the certificate(D) Field inspection to verify compliance with the prescribed field standardChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(B), (D), (C), (A)
(A), (B), (C), (D)
(B), (D), (A), (C)
(C), (B), (D), (A)

Which type of pollination involves the transfer of pollen from the anther to the stigma of the same flower?

Geitonogamy
Autogamy
Xenogamy
Plasmogamy

A plant infected with a mild strain of virus can protect it from the infection of virulent strain of the same virus. This phenomenon is known as:

Antagonism
Parasitism
Cross protection
Allelopathy

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): The National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI) in Karnal, Haryana, focuses on dairy production, management, and processing research.Statement (II): The Central Institute of Fisheries Education (CIFE), Mumbai, is not recognized as a Deemed-to-be University under ICAR.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

In host plant resistance, the race specific PR proteins are encoded by genes:(A) RFO1(B) Rpr1(C) Cf-2(D) YrChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) and (B)
(B) and (C)
(C) and (D)
(B) and (D)

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Digitally assisted diagnosis (DAD) is one kind of modern telecommunications used in plant disease diagnosis.Statement (II): Diagnosis becomes fast and accurate; hence DAD is most reliable for first-hand information generation of crop diseases.In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of the merit of (A).
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) is false but (R) is true.

Which statement is generally true regarding Bt cotton hybrids in India?

They are primarily used for resistance against sucking pests.
They incorporate genes for resistance against bollworm complexes.
They originated exclusively from G. barbadense.
They have completely eliminated the need for insecticide usage.

The sugar industry produces several by-products during the processing of sugarcane. Match the following by-products (Column A) with their corresponding uses or characteristics (Column B):Column A Column B(A). Bagasse (I). Filter cake used as soil amendment(B). Molasses (II). Fibrous residue used as biofuel or in paper/board manufacturing(C). Press Mud (III). Distillery effluent used for biogas or fertilizer(D). Vinasse (IV). Syrupy leftover used to produce ethanol or rumChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV)
(A)-(II), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(III)
(A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
(A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): The respiratory chain of bacteria is associated with the cytoplasmic membraneStatement (II): The respiratory chain of eukaryotes is present in the nuclear membraneIn light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Pearl millet is considered as a drought tolerant crop.Statement (II): Roots of pearl millet form association with microaerophilic diazotrophic bacteria of genus Azospirillum.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Match List-I with List-IIList-I(A) Self-Incompatibility (Sporophytic Type)(B) Synergids(C) Triple Fusion(D) Dichogamy (Protandry)List-II(I) Two specialized cells located within the embryo sac at the micropylar end, which play a crucial role in guiding pollen tube entry and degeneration after fertilization.(II) A situation where anthers mature and release pollen before the stigma becomes receptive, promoting outbreeding.(III) A pollen rejection mechanism determined by the genotype of the pollen-producing sporophyte, preventing self-fertilization.(IV) A key event where one male gamete fuses with the two polar nuclei, leading to the formation of the primary endosperm nucleus.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) - (II), (B) - (I), (C) - (III), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (IV), (D) - (III)
(A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)
(A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): In replication of DNA, the leading strand is synthesized continuously in the same direction as the movement of the replication fork, requiring only one initial primerStatement (II): In DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in the opposite direction to the movement of the replication fork, in short fragments called Okazaki fragments. Each Okazaki fragment requires a new RNA primer.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

The Oomycetes can cause various foliar diseases like :(A) Damping off(B) White rust(C) Downy mildews(D) Stem rustChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) and (B) only
(B) and (C) only
(A) and (C) only
(A), (B) and (C) only

Match List-I with List-IIList-ICrop(A) Onion(B) Cabbage(C) Maize(D) CottonList-IITechnology(I) Bolting(II) Emasculation and dusting(III) Bulb to seed method(IV) DetasselingChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (I), (B) - (III), (C) - (II), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (I), (B) - (II), (C) - (IV), (D) - (III)
(A) - (III), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (II)

Hindrance to self-pollination due to some physical barriers, such as the presence of a thin membrane around the anther, is known as

Herkogamy
Dichogamy
Chasmogamy
Plasmogamy

N-Acetylglucosamine (NAG) and N-Acetylmuramic acid (NAM) of peptidoglycan layer in the cell wall of bacteria are linked by :

alpha-(1,4) glycosidic bond
alpha-(1,6) glycosidic bond
beta-(1,4) glycosidic bond
beta-(1,3) glycosidic bond

The disease cycle of a plant pathogen comprises various events/stages as mentioned below. The events/stages follow the proper order to complete the cycle. Arrange the following events/stages in the correct order of sequence:(A) Dissemination,(B) Inoculation,(C) Incubation,(D) Colonization,(E) PenetrationChoose the correct answer proper sequence from the options given below:

(A), (D), (B), (C), (E)
(A), (B), (C), (E), (D)
(B), (C), (E), (D), (A)
(B), (A), (C), (E), (D)

A cross between two breeding lines, one with dark red flowers and one with bright white flowers, produces F₁ offspring that flowered light red. When the F₁ progeny are selfed, a 1:2:1 ratio of dark red to light red to bright white flowers is observed. What genetic phenomenon is consistent with these results?

Complete dominance
Incomplete dominance
Co-dominance
Overdominance

Match List-I with List-IIList-I (Disease)(A) Downy mildew of grapes(B) Bunchy top of banana(C) Rice blast(D) Wart of potatoList-II (Year of entry into India)(I) 1940(II) 1910(III) 1953(IV) 1918Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(IV)
(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
(A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

Bacteria responsible for thermophilic flat sour defect in canned food is :

Bacillus polymyxa
Bacillus stearothermophilus
Lactobacillus bulgaricus
Clostridium butyricum

Here are four statements about meiosis. Identify the correct statements.(A) Homologous chromosome pairing and synapsis during prophase I are critically mediated by the synaptonemal complex.(B) The reductional division of meiosis I is followed by an equational division in meiosis II, where sister chromatids separate and reduce the chromosome number twice.(C) Meiosis maintains the specific chromosome number of a species.(D) Meiosis occurs in the reproductive cells.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B) and (C) only.
(A), (B) and (D) only.
(A), (C) and (D) only.
(B), (C) and (D) only.

Along with the ‘Dominance’ and ‘Overdominance’ hypotheses, there is another hypothesis called the ‘Epistasis hypothesis’ of heterosis. The following are statements about the ‘Epistasis hypothesis’ of heterosis. Select the correct statements about the epistasis hypothesis.(A) Epistasis is also known as non-allelic interaction.(B) Heterosis has a positive association with the presence and magnitude of non-allelic interaction.(C) The non-allelic interactions are of two types only, viz., additive × additive and dominance × dominance.(D) Epistasis, particularly those that involve dominance × dominance interaction, may contribute to heterosis.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B) and (C) only.
(A), (B) and (D) only.
(A), (C) and (D) only.
(B), (C) and (D) only.

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Viruses can spread by direct transfer of sap from a virus infected plant to a healthy plant.Statement (II): Insects never transmit viruses in plants.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Which of the following missions were announced by the Government of India as part of the Union Budget 2025–26(A). National Mission on High Yielding Seeds(B). Mission for Cotton Productivity(C). Millet Mission(D). National Mission on Edible OilsChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B) and (D) only.
(A) and (B) only.
(A) and (D) only.
(B) and (C) only.

The black rust of wheat caused by Puccinia graminis tritici. This heteroecious pathogen completes its life cycle by various spore forms. These are:(A) Basidiospores,(B) Teleutospores / Teliospores,(C) Uredospores,(D) Aeciospores,(E) Pycniospores.Choose the correct spore formation sequence from the options given below:

(C), (B), (A), (E), (D)
(B), (C), (A), (E), (D)
(A), (B), (C), (E), (D)
(A), (D), (B), (C), (E)

Match List-I with List-IIList-I (Institute/Centre)(A) HCIO and Indian Type Culture Collection (ITCC)(B) National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (NBPGR)(C) Central Potato Research Institute (CPRI)(D) International Crops Research Institute for Semi-Arid Tropics (ICRISAT)List-II (Location)(I) Hyderabad(II) IARI, New Delhi(III) New Delhi(IV) Shimla, Himachal PradeshChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(II), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(I)
(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
(A)-(IV), (B)-(III), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)
(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)

Common scab of potato is more severe in:

Sandy loam soil
Clay loam soil
Dry alkaline soil
Highly acidic soil

The crop(s) affected by smut diseases are:(A). Wheat(B). Rice(C). Chickpea(D). SugarcaneChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) and (B) only
(A), (B) and (D) only
(A) only
(B), (C) and (D) only

Which of the following is a by-product of biogas production?

Ash
Slurry
Sawdust
Biochar

Which of the following tests is primarily used to check the viability of seeds?(A) Germination test(B) Grow-out Test(C) Accelerated aging test(D) Tetrazolium testChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B) and (D) only
(A), (C) and (D) only
(A), (B) and (C) only
(B), (C) and (D) only

Match List-I with List-IIList-I (Fungicides)(A) Sulphur(B) Kitazin(C) Plantvax(D) RidomilList-II (Disease control)(I) Blast of rice(II) Rust(III) Late blight of potato(IV) Powdery mildewsChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(III), (D)-(IV)
(A)-(II), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
(A)-(IV), (B)-(I), (C)-(II), (D)-(III)
(A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Lignin is the constituent of cell wall that confers structural support, impermeability and resistance against microbial attack.Statement (II): Lignin is not decomposed by any microorganism.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Match List-I with List-IIList-I (Feature/Mechanism)(A) Initiation of protein synthesis using N-formylmethionine(B) Presence of spliceosomal introns within protein-coding genes(C) Cellular respiration sites, primarily located on the inner mitochondrial membrane(D) Genetic material, typically organized as a single circular DNA molecule in the cytoplasm without a nuclear envelopeList-II (Primary Occurrence / Characteristic of)(I) Eukaryotic genome organization(II) Prokaryotic cellular structure(III) Prokaryotic protein synthesis(IV) Eukaryotic energy metabolismChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(III), (B)-(I), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II)
(A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(II), (D)-(I)
(A)-(I), (B)-(II), (C)-(IV), (D)-(III)
(A)-(III), (B)-(IV), (C)-(I), (D)-(II)

The large vessel containing conditions necessary for the growth of desired microorganisms is called as :

Bioreactor
Autoreactor
Impeller
Autoclave

The sclerotia of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum and Sclerotium rolfsii resemble to those of :(A) Rat droppings(B) Black sand particles(C) Mustard seeds(D) Flat-irregular structuresChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) and (B), respectively
(B) and (C), respectively
(B) and (D), respectively
(A) and (C), respectively

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Denitrification is favored under flooded conditions.Reason (R): Enzyme nitrate reductase, which is involved in denitrification, is inhibited in the presence of oxygen.In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) is false but (R) is true.

Arrange the following in logical sequence for a farmer registering a traditional variety under the PPVFRA:(A) Submission of registration form (with minimal fee or fee waiver)(B) Verification of farmer’s variety claims by the Authority(C) DUS testing (if necessary/ feasible for that variety)(D) Registration and issuance of certificateChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

C → B → A → D
A → C → D → B
A → B → C → D
B → A → D → C

Which of the following examples correctly illustrates the relationship among x, n, and 2n in a tetraploid species?

x = 5, n = 5, 2n = 10
x = 5, n = 10, 2n = 20
x = 5, n = 20, 2n = 40
x = 10, n = 5, 2n = 10

In a Hardy-Weinberg population, if the frequency of allele ‘R’ is p = 0.8 and of allele ‘r’ is q = 0.2, which genotype frequency is correct?

rr frequency = 0.4
RR frequency = 0.16
Rr frequency = 0.32
RR frequency = 0.48

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Inbreeding depression is most common in cross pollinated crops.Statement (II): Repeated selfing, though it reduces vigour, is necessary to create genetically stable inbred lines that maximize heterosis in the F₁.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Which of the following organization established by the Government of India is responsible for the promotion and exports of agricultural and processed food products?

NABARD
FSSAI
APEDA
NBPGR

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R):Assertion (A): According to the ‘overdominance hypothesis’, the ‘heterosis’ is the result of the superiority of the heterozygote over its two homozygous parents.Reason (R): The ‘overdominance hypothesis’ states that the superiority of the heterozygotes arises due to the masking of the deleterious effect of the recessive alleles by their corresponding dominant alleles.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

Both (A) and (R) are correct and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Both (A) and (R) are correct but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
(A) is correct but (R) is not correct.
(A) is not correct but (R) is correct.

The family of the genus Xanthomonas was formerly known as:

Enterobacteriaceae
Rhizobacteriaceae
Pseudomonadaceae
Proteobacteriaceae

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Blue-green algae are a type of bacteria that are capable of photosynthesisStatement (II): Blue-green algae possess phycocyanin pigment that is responsible for the blue colorIn light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Which of the following statements about the scope of the ITPGRFA are correct?(A) It covers crop species that are listed under Annex I.(B) It includes all the world’s plant species across every biome.(C) It emphasizes food security as a key motivation for its coverage.(D) It aims to cover animals that support agriculture.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) and (B) only.
(A), (C) and (D) only.
(B) and (C) only.
(A) and (C) only.

In endomycorrhizal associations, which of the following structures are formed intracellularly in the host plant:

Vesicles
Arbuscule
Spores
Sporangia

(A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (III), (D) - (I)
(A) - (II), (B) - (III), (C) - (I), (D) - (IV)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (III)
(A) - (II), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

Which of the following rust is not caused by fungi:

Red rust of tea
Black rust of wheat
White rust of mustard
Yellow rust of wheat

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Mycoplasmas are not inhibited even by high doses of penicillinStatement (II): Mycoplasmas can be inhibited by antibiotics that affect protein synthesisIn light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Which of the following is NOT an assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg’s law of equilibrium?

Mutations
Random mating
Small population size
Selection

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R):Assertion (A): The Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR) celebrates Agricultural Education Day every year on December 03.Reason (R): It is celebrated to commemorate the birth anniversary of Dr. Rajendra Prasad, the first President of independent India and the Union Minister of AgricultureIn light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) is false but (R) is true.

Here are 4 major activities during replication in prokaryotes. Arrange them in the sequential order of occurrence from start to finish.(A) Primase synthesizes short RNA primers on both template strands, providing a free 3’-OH end to start synthesis.(B) The enzyme helicase further unwinds the DNA at the replication forks, separating the two strands.(C) DNA polymerase III adds deoxyribonucleotides to the 3’ end of the RNA primers, extending the new DNA chain in the 5’ to 3’ direction.(D) Initiator proteins bind to specific sequences within oriC and form a small replication bubble.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(D), (A), (B), (C)
(B), (A), (C), (D)
(D), (B), (A), (C)
(C), (B), (D), (A)

The cell wall of Oomycetes is composed of:

Cellulose only
Chitin only
Chitosan only
Cellulose and glucans

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) is considered as an ‘often cross-pollinated’ crop.Reason (R): In Pigeonpea, although self-pollination can occur within the bud before the flower opens, cross-pollination (20–70%), often facilitated by insects like bees, is a common and significant factor in seed set.In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) is false but (R) is true.

Blight disease in rice is caused by:

Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae
Xylella fastidiosa
Pseudomonas syringae
Pseudomonas putida

The detection and identification of a physiological race is done only by:

Selective culture medium
ELISA
Differential host range
Nested multiplex PCR

Find out the events/factors that are exceptions to Mendelian principles-(A) Complete dominance(B) Incomplete dominance(C) Co-dominance(D) Polygenic traitsChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B) and (C) only
(A), (B) and (D) only
(A), (C) and (D) only
(B), (C) and (D) only

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): Actinobacteria are a large group of bacteria that produce asexual spores like fungiStatement (II): Some actinobacterial genera can be pathogenic to plants and animalsIn light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below.

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

Here are the general steps for seed processing. Arrange it in a typical sequence from start to end.(A) Testing the seeds for quality parameters such as purity, germination percentage, vigour, and moisture content.(B) Harvesting, threshing and drying the seeds to an appropriate moisture content.(C) Packaging of the seeds and labelling with all necessary information.(D) Thorough cleaning of the seeds to remove impurities such as weed seeds, other crop seeds, diseased seeds, insect-damaged seeds, and inert matter.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(B), (A), (D), (C).
(A), (C), (B), (D).
(B), (D), (A), (C).
(C), (B), (D), (A).

Here are 4 statements about ‘heterosis’. Select the correct statements.(A) Heterosis typically manifests as the superior performance of F₁ hybrids in traits like yield, growth rate, or stress tolerance compared to their homozygous parental lines.(B) The dominance hypothesis explains heterosis by suggesting that deleterious recessive alleles from one parent are masked by dominant favorable alleles from the other parent in the hybrid.(C) Overdominance hypothesis states that heterozygotes (Aa) have a fitness advantage superior to either homozygote (AA or aa) due to allelic interactions, etc.(D) Narrow-sense heritability is consistently higher in F₁ hybrids exhibiting strong heterosis, reflecting the increased additive genetic variance contributed by the parental lines.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B) and (C) only.
(A), (B) and (D) only.
(A), (C) and (D) only.
(B), (C) and (D) only.

Which of the following polymers are associated with plant cell wall:(A). Chitin(B). Cellulose(C). Peptidoglycan(D). Hemicellulose(E). PectinChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B) and (E) only
(A), (B), (D) and (E) only
(B), (D) and (E) only
(B), (C), (D) and (E) only

The plant parasitic bacterium was first reported by:

Mikhail Woronin
T.J. Burril
E. F. Smith
R. A. Fischer

The Koch’s postulates are the first approach to confirm a disease. There are a few major steps followed in the postulates. Those are:(A) Inoculation: Introduction of the pure culture of the pathogen into healthy plants.(B) Observation: The pathogen must be found in diseased plants, but not in healthy plants. Disease symptoms are noted.(C) Isolation: The pathogen must be isolated from a diseased plant.(D) Pure culture: Maintenance of the pure culture of the suspected pathogen.(E) Re-isolation: Isolation of the pathogen from the artificially inoculated plants.(F) Comparison: The disease symptom developed through artificial inoculation must be matched with the original symptoms.Choose the correct sequence of the activities from the options given below:

(C), (B), (A), (E), (D), (F)
(B), (C), (D), (A), (E), (F)
(A), (B), (C), (E), (F), (D)
(A), (D), (B), (C), (E), (F)

In the context of ex situ conservation of plant genetic resources, what is the primary benefit of integrating molecular marker technologies during germplasm characterization and evaluation?

They entirely eliminate the need for field-based phenotypic assessments.
They enable accurate and efficient evaluation of genetic diversity and help identify genetically redundant accessions.
They ensure that conserved germplasm is completely free from all harmful genetic mutations.
They significantly reduce the cost and labour required for maintaining live accessions in field gene banks.

Given below are two statements:Statement (I): AFLP combines restriction enzyme digestion with selective PCR amplification of genomic fragments.Statement (II): AFLP typically functions as a co-dominant marker system, providing easy heterozygote detection.In light of the above statements, choose the most appropriate answer from the options given below:

Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are true.
Both Statement (I) and Statement (II) are false.
Statement (I) is true but Statement (II) is false.
Statement (I) is false but Statement (II) is true.

The tetrazolium test is used to test the viability of a seed. The steps of a tetrazolium test are as follows. Arrange the steps in appropriate order from the first to the last.(A) Immersing the seeds in the Tetrazolium salt solution and incubating for a specific (24-48 hrs) period.(B) Rinsing the seeds in fresh water to remove the extra stain.(C) Soaking the seeds to hydrate the tissues.(D) Examining the seeds for intensity and location of staining.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(C), (B), (A), (D)
(A), (B), (C), (D)
(B), (A), (D), (C)
(C), (A), (B), (D)

Here are a few statements about crossing over, genetic recombination, and recombination frequencies. Choose the combination of correct statements.(A) Crossing over takes place in the pachytene stage of meiotic prophase I, where unequal exchange of chromosomal segments occurs between non-sister chromatids.(B) Recombination frequency depends on the distance between a pair of genes.(C) Recombination frequency in general does not go beyond 50%.(D) Genes located on different chromosomes exhibit independent assortment.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B) and (C) only
(A), (B) and (D) only
(A), (C) and (D) only
(B), (C) and (D) only

Here is a list of schemes that are running for the welfare of farmers in the country. Arrange the schemes in ascending order of their launching/introduction.(A) PM Fasal Bima Yojana(B) National mission on edible oils - Oil palm(C) Soil Health Card(D) PM Kisan Samman NidhiChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(C), (A), (D), (B)
(C), (A), (B), (D)
(B), (A), (D), (C)
(C), (B), (D), (A)

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Gene deployment strategy in wheat is the most effective strategy in restricting the spread of rust disease.Reason (R): Monoculture of one popular variety but susceptible to a disease may lead to quick epidemic situation. Therefore, different resistant varieties are grown in a mosaic pattern covering large area.In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below:

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) is false but (R) is true.

Two genes, G and H, are located on the same chromosome and have a recombination frequency of 20%. An individual is GgHh in cis-configuration (GH / gh). What fraction of that individual’s gametes is expected to be parental (GH or gh) versus recombinant (Gh or gH)?

50% parental, 50% recombinant
60% parental, 40% recombinant
80% parental, 20% recombinant
90% parental, 10% recombinant

Below are statements about the ‘Dominance hypothesis’ of ‘Heterosis’. Choose the correct ones.(A) The dominance hypothesis was originally proposed by Davenport in 1908.(B) According to this hypothesis, heterosis results from ‘heterozygosity’.(C) It states that the heterosis is directly proportional to the number of dominant genes each parent contributes.(D) In the heterozygous state, the deleterious effects of recessive alleles are masked by their dominant alleles.Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A), (B) and (C) only
(A), (C) and (D) only
(A), (B) and (D) only
(B), (C) and (D) only

In self-pollinated crops, what is the most important step to make sure the seeds produced stay genetically pure and true to type?

Letting different varieties of the same crop grow side-by-side.
Keeping the seed field isolated and using seeds from only one uniform plant type (genotype).
Mixing seeds from different varieties to increase diversity.
Using machines to harvest the crop and cleaning the seeds after harvesting.

Given below are two statements, one is labelled as Assertion (A) and other one labelled as Reason (R).Assertion (A): Nitrogen deficiency significantly reduces a plant’s capacity for photosynthesis.Reason (R): Nitrogen is an essential constituent of chlorophyll, and hence its deficiency affects photosynthesis.In light of the above statements, choose the correct answer from the options given below.

Both (A) and (R) are true and (R) is the correct explanation of (A).
Both (A) and (R) are true but (R) is NOT the correct explanation of (A).
(A) is true but (R) is false.
(A) is false but (R) is true.

In a Chi-square (χ²) test with 2 phenotypic classes for plant height, what would be the degree of freedom (df)?

0
1
2
4

In loose smut of wheat, spore balls are formed due to conversion of:(A) Flag leaf(B) Floral parts(C) All leaves(D) Apical stemsChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) and (B)
(B) and (C)
(A) only
(B) only

Match List-I with List-IIList-I (Specialty)(A) Golden fibre(B) White gold(C) King of cereals(D) Queen of cereals(E) Camel cropList-II (Crop Name)(I) Jute(II) Maize(III) Cotton(IV) Wheat(V) SorghumChoose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(V), (D)-(III), (E)-(IV)
(A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(V), (E)-(II)
(A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(IV), (D)-(II), (E)-(V)
(A)-(I), (B)-(III), (C)-(II), (D)-(IV), (E)-(V)

Citrus tristeza virus is detected by using the indicator plant:

Sweet orange
Rangpur Lime
Trifoliate orange
Kagzi Lime

The first Krishi Vigyan Kendra (KVK) was established in 1974 at:

Puducherry (Pondicherry) under the TNAU, Chennai
Puducherry under the TNAU, Coimbatore
Kudumiyanmalai under the TNAU, Coimbatore
Puducherry under the TNAU, Madurai

As per the seed certification standard for sugarcane, the age of the seed cane crop at harvest for seed purposes in the tropics should be:

4–6 months
6–8 months
8–10 months
10–12 months

Match List-I with List-IIList-I | List-IIName of various seed tests | Scientist concerned(A) Tetrazolium Test | (I) Mills and Gherna (1987)(B) Indoxyl Acetate Test | (II) Fick and Hibbard (1925)(C) Electrical Conductivity Test for seed vigor in Pea | (III) Florence Flemion (1934)(D) Excised Embryo Test | (IV) George Lakon (1942)Choose the correct answer from the options given below:

(A) - (IV), (B) - (II), (C) - (III), (D) - (I)
(A) - (II), (B) - (I), (C) - (IV), (D) - (III)
(A) - (IV), (B) - (I), (C) - (II), (D) - (III)
(A) - (III), (B) - (IV), (C) - (I), (D) - (II)

A plant with both staminate (male) and pistillate (female) flowers on separate branches of the same plant can best be described as:

Cleistogamous
Dioecious
Monoecious
Apomictic

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