MP RAEO 2021 Shift 2 Solved Previous Year Paper — Agri Master Mind

         The Agricultural sector is the backbone of the Indian economy.

         The agricultural sector comes under the primary sector.

         Agriculture Sector is the backbone of the Indian economy because it contributes to GDP, Employment, and export. It also helps other economic sectors like the manufacturing and the service sector.

         Agriculture plays a vital role in India’s economy:- 

o        54.6% of the total workforce of India is engaged in agricultural and allied sector activities (Census 2011).

o        The agriculture sector produces,

         Food for Indian citizens as well as for exports

         Raw material for the industrial sector and the food processing unit as well as the machinery required for agriculture boost the manufacturing sector.

          Marketing of agriculture products boosts the services sector.

         Gregor Johann Mendel is known for giving the basic principles of heredity.

         He laid the foundation of mathematics in genetic science, known as Mendelism.

         Mendel used a number of contrasting visible characters of garden peas.

         Which includes round/wrinkled seeds, tall/short plants, white/violet flowers, etc.

         Results of Mendel's Experiments: 

o        ​Traits are inherited to future generations through genes, which remain unchanged.

o        For each trait, an individual inherits one factor from each parent.

o        Some traits may remain dormant, but can still be passed on to the next generation.

         Plantation Crop:

o        Plantations are a type of commercial farming where a single crop of tea, coffee, sugarcane, cashew, rubber, banana or cotton are grown.

o        Large amounts of labour and capital are required.

o        The produce may be processed on the farm itself or in nearby factories. Major plantations are found in the tropical regions of the world.

         The Breeder seeds have a golden yellow tag.

         The Foundation seeds have a white tag.

         The Registered seeds have a purple tag.

         The Certified seeds have a blue tag.

         They are labeled with a different color tag as per Section 5 of the Seeds Act, 1966.

1.  The individual approach in extension involves providing personalized and tailored services to individual farmers.

2.  Through the individual approach, extension agents or specialists work closely with individual farmers to understand their unique circumstances, provide customized advice, and address their specific concerns.

3.  This approach allows for direct interaction and specific targeting of the farmer's needs and challenges.

4.  The individual approach enables extension workers to have a deep understanding of the farmer's context and provide precise recommendations, guidance, and support based on the individual's specific situation.

5.  While the individual approach may not reach as many farmers as mass or group approaches, its impact can be significant in terms of providing tailored support and generating positive change at the individual level. 

6.  The individual approach in extension can have a high intensity of influence due to its personalized and targeted nature, allowing for direct interaction and tailored support for individual farmers.

         Nitrification is a microbial process by which reduced nitrogen compounds (primarily ammonia) are sequentially oxidized to nitrite and nitrate.

         The nitrification process requires the mediation of two distinct groups:

         Bacteria that convert ammonia to nitrites (Nitrosomonas, Nitrosospira, Nitrosococcus, and Nitrosolobus) and bacteria that convert nitrites (toxic to plants) to nitrates (Nitrobacter, Nitrospina, and Nitrococcus).

         The end product of nitrification is nitrate (NO3–).

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Abscisic acid (ABA) is the hormone that induces and maintains seed dormancy.

         2) Seed dormancy is a mechanism that prevents germination of seeds under unfavorable conditions, such as drought, cold temperatures, or insufficient light.

         3) ABA plays a key role in regulating seed dormancy by inhibiting germination and promoting the accumulation of storage reserves within the seed.

         4) ABA levels are typically high in dormant seeds, and they decrease when conditions become favorable for germination.

         5) ABA also helps plants respond to water stress by regulating stomatal closure, reducing water loss through transpiration, and maintaining plant water balance.

         Gibberellins (GAs) and cytokinins are hormones that generally promote seed germination and counteract the effects of ABA. Ethylene is involved in various aspects of plant growth and development but does not have a direct role in seed dormancy regulation.

         ✅Explanation:

         The term "Hybrid sterility" refers to the inability of a hybrid organism to produce viable gametes, leading to the absence of fertile offspring.

         Hybrid sterility occurs when two different species or genetically distinct populations produce hybrid offspring that are unable to produce functional gametes (sperm or eggs).

         This typically happens due to genetic incompatibilities between the parental genomes, which prevent proper pairing and segregation of chromosomes during meiosis, resulting in nonviable gametes.

         The hybrid offspring may appear morphologically normal but are sterile because they are unable to produce viable sperm or eggs.

         Hybrid sterility is often a reproductive barrier that prevents gene flow and keeps different species or populations distinct.

         Examples of hybrid sterility can be found in nature, such as the mule, which is a hybrid between a horse and a donkey. Mules are usually sterile and cannot produce viable offspring.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Genetic control refers to the use of genetic traits or characteristics to manage pests or diseases. It involves utilizing resistant or tolerant varieties that possess genetic traits that make them less susceptible to pest or disease attacks.

         2) Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an approach that combines various pest management strategies to reduce reliance on chemical pesticides and minimize their environmental impact.

         3) Resistant varieties are developed through breeding programs to possess specific genetic traits that make them less susceptible to pests or diseases. These traits can include natural resistance mechanisms or traits that make the plants less attractive or suitable for pest infestation.

         4) By incorporating resistant varieties into an IPM program, farmers can reduce the need for chemical pesticide applications and rely more on genetic traits for pest control.

         5) Resistant varieties are considered a sustainable and environmentally friendly approach to pest management as they can reduce the reliance on chemical inputs and promote long-term pest control.

         Therefore, the use of resistant varieties in Integrated Pest Management is an example of genetic control, utilizing the genetic traits of plants to manage pests or diseases effectively.

         WTO was established under the Marrakesh Agreement which was signed by 123 counties in 1994.

         It replaced the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade or GATT.

         It is headquartered in Geneva, Switzerland.

         As of March 2020 Roberto Carvalho de Azevedo is the current Director-General. He assumed office on 1 September 2013.

         164 members are part of the organization.

         ✅Explanation:

         1. Pesticides should be stored in a dry area to prevent moisture from affecting their chemical stability and efficacy.

         2. Moisture can cause pesticides to degrade, clump, or become less effective, making proper storage essential for maintaining their quality.

         3. Storing pesticides in a cool area helps to minimize temperature fluctuations, as high temperatures can accelerate the breakdown of pesticides and reduce their effectiveness.

         4. Additionally, storing pesticides in a cool area helps to reduce the risk of fire or combustion, as certain pesticides can be flammable or volatile under high temperatures.

         By storing pesticides in a dry and cool area, their efficacy and shelf life can be preserved, minimizing potential risks and ensuring their effectiveness when needed.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Conventional agriculture: While GIS (Geographic Information System), GPS (Global Positioning System), and remote sensing technologies can be utilized to some extent in conventional agriculture, their usage is more prevalent and integrated in precision agriculture.

         2) Precision agriculture: Precision agriculture refers to the use of advanced technologies and data-driven approaches to optimize farming practices and increase efficiency. GIS, GPS, and remote sensing play crucial roles in precision agriculture for data collection, analysis, and decision-making.

         3) Organic agriculture: GIS, GPS, and remote sensing technologies may have limited application in organic agriculture, as it often emphasizes natural and sustainable farming practices without relying heavily on advanced technological systems.

         4) Shifting agriculture: Shifting agriculture, also known as slash-and-burn agriculture, involves clearing land, burning vegetation, and cultivating crops for a few years before moving to another area. The use of GIS, GPS, and remote sensing is less relevant in this traditional agricultural system.

         Dibbling is the process of placing seeds in holes made in seedbeds and covering them.

         In this method, seeds are placed in holes made at definite depth at fixed spacing.

         This method is very helpful in achieving proper depth, proper spacing and the proper amount of seed to be sown in the field.

         This is called the 'kera' (hand) method. When it is dropped through a Pora or Nai or Hazara, a special attachment with local plough.

         it is called the 'Pora' method. The seeds are dropped at a depth of 5 to 6 cm.

         The germination is satisfactory under this method of sowing.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Rodenticides are chemicals specifically formulated and used for the purpose of killing or controlling rodents, particularly rats and mice.

         2) Rodenticides are designed to be toxic to rodents, either by causing lethal poisoning or disrupting their physiological functions.

         3) These chemicals are used to address rodent infestations in various settings such as homes, farms, commercial buildings, and public areas.

         4) Rodenticides are available in different formulations including baits, pellets, powders, and liquid concentrates.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) In soil classification, the basic unit is called a series.

         2) A soil series represents a group of soils that share similar characteristics such as texture, mineral composition, color, structure, and drainage.

         3) Soil series are classified based on their profile characteristics, which are observed and documented in the field.

         4) The series classification is further organized into higher-level units such as soil families, orders, suborders, and great groups, which provide additional information about broader soil characteristics and relationships.

         5) The series classification is important for understanding soil properties, fertility, suitability for different uses, and for making informed decisions regarding land management and agriculture.

         Therefore, the series is considered the basic unit of soil classification, representing a distinct group of soils that share common characteristics within a specific geographic area.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) A watershed is also commonly referred to as a drainage basin.

         2) A watershed or drainage basin is an area of land where all the water that falls within it, whether through rainfall or other sources, drains into a common outlet such as a river, lake, or ocean.

         3) It is a natural topographic boundary that defines the area from which water flows downhill and converges into a single point.

         4) The term "drain" refers to a channel or pipe used to remove excess water, while a pond is a small body of water typically formed by damming or artificially creating a depression.

         5) Although a river is often part of a watershed, a watershed refers to the entire land area that contributes to the flow of water into that river, including the surrounding hills, valleys, and tributaries.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Relative humidity is the most important factor that determines the storage life of seeds.

         2) Seeds are living organisms that can be affected by environmental conditions, including moisture levels.

         3) High relative humidity can lead to increased moisture content in seeds, which can result in premature germination, mold growth, or deterioration of seed viability.

         4) Controlling relative humidity during seed storage is crucial to maintaining seed quality and longevity.

         5) Proper seed storage conditions often involve maintaining a low relative humidity level, typically below 50% to 60%, depending on the seed type.

         Other factors such as temperature, light, and proper packaging also contribute to seed storage life, but relative humidity plays a significant role in preventing moisture-related damage and preserving seed viability over an extended period.

         AGMARK is a certification mark employed on agricultural products in India, assuring that they conform to a set of standards approved by the Directorate of Marketing and Inspection, an agency of the Government of India.

         AGMARK

o        ​The term AGMARK was coined by joining the words 'AG' to mean agriculture and 'MARK' for a certification mark.

o        This term was introduced originally in the bill presented in Parliament for the AGricultural Procedure (Grading and Marking) Act.

o        The present AGMARK standards cover quality guidelines for 205 different commodities spanning a variety of cereals, pulses, vegetable oils, essential oils, fruits & vegetables, and semi-processed products like vermicelli.

o        It is legally enforced by the Agricultural Produce (Grading and Marking) Act of 1937 (amended in 1986).

         It is an online trading platform, launched for agricultural commodities in India.

         The platform helps farmers, traders, and buyers with an option for online trading in commodities.

         It also helps them in getting a better price and provides facilities for smooth marketing of produce.

         eNAM was founded on April 14, 2016.

         1000 mandis of 18 States and 03 Union Territories have been integrated with the e-NAM platform.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Anabaena is the nitrogen fixer commonly found in rice fields and associated with Azolla.

         2) Azolla is a floating aquatic fern that forms a symbiotic relationship with Anabaena, a type of cyanobacteria.

         3) Anabaena lives within specialized cavities in Azolla's leaves called "heterocysts" and fixes atmospheric nitrogen into a form that can be utilized by the plant.

         4) This symbiotic relationship between Azolla and Anabaena provides a natural source of nitrogen for rice plants and helps improve soil fertility in rice fields.

         5) Azolla acts as a host plant for Anabaena, benefiting from the fixed nitrogen while providing a suitable environment for the cyanobacteria to thrive.

         6) The nitrogen fixed by Anabaena in the Azolla-Azorhizobium symbiosis contributes to the overall nitrogen availability in the rice field ecosystem.

         PMFBY is launched in 2016 and it is designed to reduce the burden of crop insurance on farmers.

         It replaced the National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) and Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS).

         This scheme fixes a uniform premium of 2 % of the value of the sum insured to be paid by farmers for all Kharif crops, 1.5 % of the sum insured for all rabi crops, 5% of the sum insured for annual commercial and horticultural crops or actuarial rate, whichever is less.

         It is providing financial support to farmers suffering crop loss/ damage arising out of unforeseen events.

         It is stabilizing the income of farmers to ensure their continuance in farming

         It is encouraging farmers to adopt innovative and modern agricultural practices

         It is ensuring the creditworthiness of the farmers, and crop diversification, and enhances the growth and competitiveness of the agriculture sector besides protecting the farmers from production risks.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) In the case of a pesticide spill, sand is a good absorbent material to use for containment and clean-up.

         2) Sand has the ability to absorb liquids, including pesticides, due to its porous nature.

         3) When sprinkled or spread over a pesticide spill, sand can help to absorb and contain the spilled material, preventing further spread or contamination.

         4) Sand is readily available, affordable, and easy to handle, making it a practical choice for managing pesticide spills.

         5) After absorbing the spilled pesticide, the contaminated sand can be properly disposed of according to local regulations and guidelines.

         Using sand as an absorbent material in the event of a pesticide spill helps to minimize the environmental impact and potential hazards associated with the spilled pesticide.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Regular training of workers ensures that they have the necessary skills, knowledge, and capacity to effectively implement and manage the project activities.

         2) Training programs help to enhance the technical expertise of workers, enabling them to adopt and implement best practices and innovative approaches.

         3) Regular training sessions can keep workers updated on new technologies, methodologies, and strategies relevant to the project's objectives.

         4) Training also provides an opportunity for workers to learn from each other, share experiences, and address challenges collectively.

         5) Continuous training helps to improve the overall performance and efficiency of the workers, leading to better outcomes and increased project success.

         Regular training of workers ensures their professional development, keeps them motivated, and equips them with the necessary skills to overcome challenges and achieve project goals. It plays a crucial role in enhancing the capacity of workers and ultimately contributes to the success of rural development projects.

         National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (NAIS) was the Government-sponsored crop insurance scheme launched on 22 June 1999.

         The objective of the scheme was to provide financial support to the farmers in the event of the failure of crops as a result of natural calamities, pests, and diseases.

         The implementing agency of the scheme was the Agriculture Insurance Company of India (AIC) Ltd.

         It covers all the food crops (cereals, millets, and pulses), oilseeds, and annual commercial/horticultural crops.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Rice is the main food crop for the Southern and Eastern states of India.

         2) These regions have favorable agro-climatic conditions, including high rainfall and suitable temperature, which are conducive to rice cultivation.

         3) Rice is a staple food in these states, and it plays a crucial role in the diet and economy of the region.

         4) Southern states like Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, and Karnataka, as well as Eastern states like West Bengal, Odisha, and Assam, have a significant focus on rice production and consumption.

         5) Rice cultivation in these regions is supported by irrigation systems, traditional farming practices, and the availability of diverse rice varieties suited to the local conditions.

         6) The paddy fields in these states are an integral part of the landscape and contribute to the agricultural and cultural heritage of the region.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) CAM (Crassulacean Acid Metabolism) is a photosynthetic pathway found in certain plants that allows them to adapt to arid or water-limited environments.

         2) Pineapple is an example of a CAM plant. It is well-known for its ability to survive in dry and tropical climates.

         3) CAM plants, including pineapple, have a unique carbon fixation mechanism. They open their stomata at night to minimize water loss through transpiration and absorb carbon dioxide, which is converted into organic acids.

         4) During the day, the stomata remain closed to reduce water loss while photosynthesis continues using the stored organic acids.

         5) Other examples of CAM plants include succulents, such as cacti and jade plants, as well as certain orchids and bromeliads.

         Maize (corn), apple, and mango are not examples of CAM plants. They utilize the C3 photosynthetic pathway, which is the most common pathway among plants.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Rajma, also known as kidney beans, is an example of a pulse crop.

         2) Pulse crops are leguminous crops that are cultivated for their edible seeds, which are rich in protein and other nutrients.

         3) Rajma is a popular pulse crop in India and other parts of the world. It is commonly used in various culinary preparations, such as curries, stews, and salads.

         4) Pulse crops, including rajma, are an important source of plant-based protein and play a significant role in vegetarian and vegan diets.

         Banana, barley, and cotton are not considered pulse crops. Banana is a fruit crop, barley is a cereal grain crop, and cotton is a fiber crop.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Iron deficiency is more prominent in alkaline soil.

         2) Alkaline soil, also known as high pH soil, has a pH level above 7.0. In such soils, the availability and uptake of iron by plants are significantly reduced.

         3) Iron is less soluble and less accessible to plants in alkaline soil, leading to iron deficiency symptoms in plants.

         4) Iron is an essential micronutrient for plants, playing a crucial role in chlorophyll synthesis and other metabolic processes. Iron deficiency can result in leaf yellowing (chlorosis), stunted growth, and reduced crop yield.

         5) Waterlogged soil (option 2) can also lead to iron deficiency in plants, but it is not the prominent condition for iron deficiency. Waterlogged soil affects plant roots' ability to uptake nutrients, including iron, due to reduced oxygen availability.

         6) Neutral soil (option 3) typically has a pH close to 7.0 and can provide adequate iron availability to plants, as long as other factors do not limit iron uptake.

         7) Acid soil (option 4), with a pH below 7.0, generally favors the availability of iron to plants. However, extreme acidity can lead to other nutrient imbalances or toxicities.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Phycobilin is a water-soluble photosynthetic pigment found in certain groups of algae and cyanobacteria.

         2) Chlorophyll, option 2, is a pigment responsible for the green color in plants and is primarily soluble in organic solvents rather than water.

         3) Carotenoids, option 3, are pigments that include colors such as yellow, orange, and red. While some carotenoids are soluble in water, others are more soluble in organic solvents.

         4) Xanthophyll, option 4, is a type of carotenoid pigment that is typically soluble in organic solvents rather than water.

         Phycobilins, such as phycoerythrin and phycocyanin, are water-soluble pigments that help capture light energy in certain algae and cyanobacteria. They are often found in specialized structures called phycobilisomes and play a role in photosynthesis in water-based environments.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) A plant bearing both male and female flowers is known as monoecious.

         2) Monoecious plants have separate male and female flowers on the same plant.

         3) The male flowers produce pollen, which contains the male gametes, while the female flowers contain the ovules and are capable of producing seeds.

         4) Examples of monoecious plants include maize (corn), cucumbers, pumpkins, and many other common plant species.

         Polygamous (option 1) refers to a plant that can have flowers with different sexual arrangements, such as some flowers being hermaphroditic (having both male and female reproductive parts) and others being unisexual (either male or female).

         Dioecious (option 2) refers to plants where individual plants have either male or female flowers, but not both. They require both male and female plants for successful pollination and reproduction.

         Hybrid (option 3) refers to the offspring resulting from the crossbreeding of two genetically distinct parent plants and is unrelated to the presence of both male and female flowers on a single plant.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) A reamer is a tool typically used to extract juice from citrus fruits, particularly oranges.

         2) Oranges have a thick, textured rind and a juicy interior, making them suitable for juicing.

         3) By pressing and twisting the reamer into the orange, the juice can be extracted from the fruit pulp.

         4) The pointed tip of the reamer helps puncture the fruit and release the juice, while the ridged surface aids in efficiently extracting the juice.

         While a reamer can be used for other citrus fruits as well, such as lemons and grapefruits, it is particularly associated with extracting juice from oranges due to their popularity as a juicing fruit.

         Sprayers are the most commonly used in the pesticide application.

         In sprayer, container is called Tank but in duster it is called Hopper.

         Classification of spray volumes:

1.  ​High volume spray: > 400 lit/ha of spray liquid.

2.  Low volume spray: 5-400 lit/ha.

3.  Normal aerial dose: 15-75 lit/ha.

4.  Normal ground dose: 100-200 lit/ha.

5.  Ultra low volume or Low volume concentration spray: < 5 lit/ha.

         ✅Explanation:

         Inarching, also known as approach grafting or bridge grafting, is a method commonly used for commercial propagation of mango plants.

         Inarching involves joining a young shoot or branch from a desired mango variety (scion) to an established rootstock tree.

         The scion and rootstock are carefully aligned and secured together until they fuse and form a strong graft union.

         Inarching allows for the transfer of desirable characteristics from the scion variety to the rootstock, ensuring the propagation of high-quality mango trees.

         This method is often preferred for commercial propagation as it helps maintain the desired traits, such as fruit quality, productivity, and disease resistance, of the selected mango variety.

         ✅Explanation:

         Lentil is a major source of protein for vegetarian people.

         Lentils are leguminous crops that are widely consumed for their high protein content.

         Lentils provide a significant amount of essential amino acids, making them a valuable plant-based protein source.

         Lentils are also rich in dietary fiber, minerals, and vitamins, making them a nutritious choice for vegetarian and vegan diets.

         Lentils are versatile and can be used in a variety of dishes, including soups, stews, salads, and curries.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) The Law of Population is not applicable in Farm Management Economics.

         2) The Law of Opportunity Cost states that in order to obtain more of one good, an individual must give up the opportunity to obtain some of another good. It is a fundamental principle in economics and applies to decision-making in farm management.

         3) The Law of Equimarginal Returns states that to maximize efficiency, resources should be allocated in such a way that the marginal return per unit of resource is equal across all possible uses. This principle is applicable in farm management as it helps in optimizing resource allocation and decision-making.

         4) The Law of Substitution states that as the price of a factor of production increases, producers will replace it with a cheaper substitute if available. This principle is applicable in farm management, as farmers need to consider the costs of different inputs and make decisions on substitution to optimize production efficiency.

         The Law of Population, on the other hand, is not directly applicable in Farm Management Economics. It is a concept from population studies and deals with population growth, density, and related factors. While population dynamics may indirectly influence farm management decisions, it is not a principle specific to farm management economics.

         ✅Explanation:

         1) A top cross refers to the cross between an inbred line and an open-pollinated variety.

         2) In a top cross, the inbred line, which is homozygous and genetically uniform, is used as the male parent (pollen donor), while the open-pollinated variety serves as the female parent.

         3) The purpose of a top cross is to introduce specific traits or characteristics from the open-pollinated variety into the inbred line, while retaining the desirable traits of the inbred line.

         4) Top crosses are commonly used in plant breeding programs to combine the advantages of inbred lines (such as uniformity and homozygosity) with the genetic diversity and adaptability of open-pollinated varieties.

         Three-way cross (option 1) involves the combination of three different parental lines or varieties.

         Backcross (option 2) refers to the crossing of a hybrid or an improved line with one of its parent lines to transfer specific traits from the parent to the hybrid.

         Double cross (option 4) involves the crossing of two separate single crosses to create a hybrid with improved characteristics

         ✅Explanation:

         1) Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is the most common naturally occurring plant hormone of the auxin class.

         2) Auxins are a class of plant hormones that play a crucial role in various aspects of plant growth and development.

         3) Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is a naturally occurring auxin that regulates numerous physiological processes, including cell elongation, root development, apical dominance, tropisms, and fruit development.

         4) Auxins are synthesized in the apical meristems of plants and are transported downward through the plant, influencing growth and development in various tissues and organs.

         5) Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) is involved in mediating phototropism (response to light), gravitropism (response to gravity), and other plant responses to environmental stimuli.

         Gibberellins (option 1), cytokinins (option 2), and abscisic acid (option 4) are other important classes of plant hormones, but they are not specifically associated with indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).

1.  SIAET stands for State Institute of Agriculture Extension and Training

2.  It is located in Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh.

3.  It was set up in 2006 by the Department of Agriculture, Govt. of Madhya Pradesh.

4.   The mandate of SIAET is to assist the Agriculture and allied Departments to help improve their delivery systems through up gradation skills of Extension Personnel.

5.  The SIAET is the State Nodal Agency for Implementation of Agriculture Extension Reforms Schemes (ATMA) in State M.P.

6.  It is an apex institute for Agriculture Extension and Training for agriculture and allied departments.

         First stage of water erosion.

         It occurs when raindrops hit bare soil.

         A raindrop is approximately 5 mm in diameter and hits the soil at a velocity of 32 km/hr.

         Raindrops behave like tiny bombs when falling on exposed soil so that individual soil particles are "splashed" onto the soil surface.

         The detachment and transportation of soil particles by flowing rainwater are called sheet or wash-off erosion.

         Results in the loss of the finest soil particles that contain most of the nutrients and organic matter.

         It is unnoticed by farmers and hence a most serious form of water erosion.

         When runoff starts, channelization begins and erosion is no longer uniform.

         Rills are shallow drainage lines < 30 cm deep.

         Can be removed by normal tillage operation.

         Gullies are channels deeper than 30 cm.

         They can be spectacular to look at but over time actually lose less soil than sheet and rill erosion.

         Can not be removed by normal tillage operation.

         In young plants the deficiency symptoms are chlorosis of leaf margins and the whole leaves may turn white.

         The leaf blades do not develop properly.

         When the deficiency is severe, only the midribs develop. This condition is commonly known as 'Whiptail'.

         The growing point of the plant is also deformed which prevents curd development.

         The deficiency of molybdenum generally occurs in acid soils when the soil pH is below 5.5.

         Lime application in acidic soils is done to increase the availability of molybdenum,

         Soil application of Sodium Molybdate (10-15 kg/ha) 

         Important PointsPhysiological disorders of cauliflower 

Blindness: Frost and low temperature

         Buttoning: Nitrogen deficiency

         Hollow stem: Boron deficiency and excessive Nitrogen

         Chlorosis: Magnesium deficiency

         Ricyness: Temperature fluctuation

         Browning: Boron deficiency

1.  Sciophytes are also known as shade plants.

2.  They are adapted to grow in low light conditions.

3.  They have larger and thinner leaves to capture more light.

4.  They often have a slower growth rate than plants that grow in full sun.

         🔑Key PointsPlants growing under waterlogged soils have slow growth because of low oxygen.1. Waterlogged soils have reduced oxygen levels because water displaces air in the soil.
2. Oxygen is essential for plant growth and respiration.
3. When oxygen levels are low, plant roots are unable to function properly and take up nutrients and water.
4. This can result in stunted growth and reduced crop yields.

          🔑Key Points1. Triticale is a hybrid of wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale).
2. It was first bred in the late 19th century in Scotland and Sweden.
3. Triticale combines the high yield potential and good grain quality of wheat with the disease resistance and environmental tolerance of rye.
4. It is grown for both forage and grain and is used for animal feed, flour, and ethanol production.

         🔑Key Points1. A pyranometer measures the total amount of solar radiation received on a flat surface.

         2. It is commonly used in meteorology, climatology, and solar energy research.

         3. The instrument consists of a thermopile sensor that generates a small electrical voltage proportional to the solar radiation received.

         4. The voltage is then converted into a measurement of solar radiation in units of watts per square meter.

         🔴Additional Information

         Altimeter: Height

         Aneroid barometer: Atmospheric pressure

         Anemometer: Wind speed

         Crescograph: Growth of plant

         Dynamometer: Convert mechanical energy

         Cambel stokes: Duration of sunshine

         ECG: Movement of heart

         Wind vane: Wind direction

         Tensiometers: Soil moisture tension

         Galvanometer: Electric currents

         Hydrometer: Measures the relative density of liquids

         Hygrometer/Psychrometer: Relative humidity

         Lactometer: The density of milk, milk purity

         Lysimeter: Evapotranspiration/leaching

         Manometer: Root pressure

         Planimeter: Area of an irregular figure

         Pyrheliometer: Amount of direct solar radiation

         Pyranometer: Total incoming solar radiation

         Pycnometer: The specific gravity of soil

         Piezometer: Depth of water table

         Photometer: Transpiration

         ✅Explanation:

         Durum wheat cultivation in India is primarily confined to the state of Madhya Pradesh.

         1) Bihar 

         2) Uttar Pradesh is one of the largest wheat-producing states

         3) Madhya Pradesh is a major producer of durum wheat in India.

         4) Assam is known for the cultivation of different crops, but durum wheat is not commonly grown in this region.

         ✅Explanation:

         During aerobic respiration, which occurs in the presence of oxygen, the oxidation of one molecule of glucose can result in the production of approximately 36 to 38 molecules of ATP (adenosine triphosphate). ATP is the primary energy currency of cells and is essential for various cellular processes.

          

         The exact number of ATP molecules generated through aerobic respiration can vary slightly depending on the specific details of the metabolic pathway, as well as the efficiency of ATP production and transport processes within the cell.

          

         The process of aerobic respiration includes glycolysis, the citric acid cycle (also known as the Krebs cycle), and oxidative phosphorylation. These steps involve the breakdown of glucose and the transfer of electrons through the electron transport chain to generate ATP.

          

         The final yield of ATP can be influenced by factors such as the availability of oxygen, the efficiency of the electron transport chain, and the presence of any inhibitors or limitations in the respiration process.

         🔑Key Points 

         1. A catchment is an area of land where water is collected and stored.

         2. It can be a natural or artificial structure designed to collect and store rainwater or runoff.

         3. Catchment systems can range in size from small rooftop systems to large dams and reservoirs.

         4. Water harvesting using catchments can provide a sustainable source of water for irrigation, livestock, and domestic use.

         ✅Explanation:

          

         1) Carbon, oxygen, and hydrogen are essential elements for plant growth and development, but they are obtained primarily from air and water rather than being considered mineral nutrients.

          

         2) Nitrogen is an essential mineral plant nutrient that is required in relatively large quantities by plants for various physiological processes.

          

         3) Nitrogen is a vital component of amino acids, proteins, nucleic acids, and chlorophyll, all of which are essential for plant growth and metabolism.

          

         4) Plants acquire nitrogen mainly in the form of nitrate (NO3-) or ammonium (NH4+) from the soil through their root systems.

          

         5) Nitrogen is involved in many critical functions within plants, including leaf and stem growth, photosynthesis, enzyme activity, and the production of secondary metabolites.

          

         6) Adequate nitrogen availability promotes healthy plant growth and is crucial for achieving optimal crop yield and quality.

         It is a statutory body under the Ministry of Consumer Affairs, Food, and Public Distribution.

         It was set up in 1965 following the enactment of the Food Corporation Act, of 1964 with the objective of fulfilling aspects of the National Food Policy at the time.

         Providing proper price support to protect the interests of poor farmers.

         Effective distribution of food grains through a Public Distribution Systems (PDS)

         Maintaining the operational and buffer stocks of food grains, to ensure continued supply of essential food supply.

         Regulation of market price for food grains so that the population can get them at an affordable price.

         Effective price support operations for safeguarding the interests of the farmers by providing them remunerative prices for their food grains and Distribution of food grains all over the country through the PDS.

         🔑Key PointsThe main components of watershed management are water, land, and biomass management.

         1. Watershed management involves the integrated management of land, water, and biomass resources within a watershed.

         2. The goal is to balance the use of these resources to meet the needs of the local population while protecting and conserving the natural environment.

         3. This can involve activities such as soil conservation, water harvesting, afforestation, and sustainable agriculture practices.

         4. Effective watershed management can improve water availability, reduce soil erosion, increase agricultural productivity, and enhance biodiversity.

         ✅Explanation:

          

         1) Heptachlor and DDT are insecticides that have been widely used in the past but are now banned or restricted in many countries due to their persistence in the environment and potential negative impacts on human health and wildlife.

          

         2) BHC, also known as benzene hexachloride or lindane, is another insecticide that has been widely used but is now banned or restricted in many countries due to its persistence and toxicity.

          

         3) Pyrethrin is a natural insecticide derived from the flowers of certain chrysanthemum species. It is considered one of the safest insecticides for use on vegetables due to its low toxicity to humans and non-target organisms when used according to label instructions.

          

         4) Pyrethrin acts by targeting the nervous system of insects and has a relatively short persistence in the environment. It is commonly used in organic farming and integrated pest management (IPM) programs.

         A marginal farmer is a farmer who cultivates up to 1 hectare of agricultural land.

         70% of Indian rural households still rely on agriculture as their primary source of income, with 82 percent of farmers being small and marginal.

         Marginal: Less than one hectare

         Small: 1-2 hectares

         Semi-medium: 2-4 hectares

         Medium: 4-10 hectares

         Large: More than 10 hectares

         Mass communication is a process in which a person, group of people or an association sends a communication through a channel of communication to a large group of anonymous and miscellaneous people and associations.

         You can suppose a large group of anonymous and miscellaneous people as either the general public or a member of the general public.

         Channels of communication include broadcast TV, radio, social media, films, and print.

         The sender of the communication is generally a professional prophet that frequently represents an association.

         There are 5 types of Mass Communication:

o        Print Media:

         ​Publish media is a common term that can source colorful forms of published communication.

         When you're looking to communicate with followership, it’s important to understand ‘ what is print media ’ and what your options are to partake in information.

         publish media is a form of journalism that involves your information being published and circulated.

o        Broadcast Media:

         Broadcast media is defined as different media channels or broadcasters similar to the TV, internet, audio podcasts, videotape content, and others.

         The primary purpose of broadcasting media is to broadcast and communicate with the public.​

o        Outdoor Media:

         ​Out-of-door media is any kind of advertising that directly reaches consumers specifically when they aren't at home.

         Made to snare peoples ’ attention when out and about. This form of media also goes by OOH( Out- of- Home) advertising.

o        Transit Media:

         It refers to advertising placed in, on, or around modes of public transportation motorcars, galleries, and hacks, as well as machine, train, and shelter stations.

         Conveyance media can be a great way to reach a really different followership.​

o        Digital Media:

         ​Any communication medium using one or further decoded machine-readable data formats is called digital media.

         On a digital electronics device, digital media may be generated, viewed, distributed, edited, heeded to, and archived.

         The ozone layer is a part of the atmosphere that has high concentrations of ozone, compared to oxygen molecules that exist in nature as a pair of oxygen atoms.

         The ozone layer in the stratosphere absorbs a portion of the radiation from the sun, preventing it from reaching the planet's surface.

         September 16th every year is marked as the International Day for the Preservation of the Ozone Layer.

         Most ozone almost 90 percent is found in the stratosphere.

         The Stratosphere begins about 10–16 kilometers above Earth's surface and extends up to about 50 km altitude.

         The stratospheric region is commonly known as the ozone layer due to the highest ozone concentration.

         The Stratosphere is the second major layer of the atmosphere of the Earth.

         The Stratosphere just above the troposphere and below the mesosphere.

         The lower edge of the stratosphere is as high as 20 km near the equator, at midlatitudes around 10 km, and at the poles about 7 kilometers.

         There are 5 layers of atmosphere depending on temperature are the following

o        Troposphere

o        Stratosphere

o        Mesosphere

o        Thermosphere

         Agriculture is the science, art, and practice of cultivating plants and livestock.

         Agriculture was the key development in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that enabled people to live in cities.

         The word agriculture is a late Middle English adaptation of Latin agricultūra, from ager, "field", and cultūra, "cultivation" or "growing".

         While agriculture usually refers to human activities, certain species of ant, termite, and beetle have been cultivating crops for up to 60 million years.

         ✅Explanation:

          

         The nutrient index is a measure used to assess the fertility level of soil. It provides an indication of the available nutrients in the soil for plant uptake. The nutrient index value can vary depending on the specific nutrient being evaluated.

          

         For medium or average fertility soil, the typical range of nutrient index values is between 1.67 and 2.33.

          

         Option 1 (1.00 - 1.55) and option 2 (2.40 - 2.63) do not fall within the expected range for medium or average fertility soil.

          

         Option 4 (2.70 - 2.83) is beyond the range typically associated with medium or average fertility soil.

          

         It's important to note that the nutrient index values can vary depending on the specific classification system or region. Different regions or organizations may have slightly different ranges or interpretations of the nutrient index values.

         ✅Explanation:

          

         Black Heart is a physiological disorder that affects potatoes, causing darkening and necrosis in the center of the tuber, giving it a black appearance. The disorder is primarily caused by oxygen deficiency in the tuber.

          

         1) Nitrogen deficiency is not directly associated with the development of Black Heart in potatoes. Nitrogen deficiency can lead to other growth and yield issues, but it is not the main cause of Black Heart.

          

         2) Carbon deficiency is also not a known cause of Black Heart in potatoes. Carbon deficiency can affect plant growth and photosynthesis, but it does not directly contribute to the development of Black Heart.

          

         4) Manganese deficiency is not a recognized cause of Black Heart in potatoes. Manganese deficiency can result in other symptoms, such as yellowing and interveinal chlorosis, but it is not linked to the development of Black Heart.

          

         Black Heart in potatoes is primarily related to improper storage conditions or handling practices that lead to reduced oxygen availability to the tubers. Factors such as excessively high storage humidity, poor ventilation, compacted storage piles, or long-term storage in sealed containers can contribute to oxygen deficiency and the subsequent development of Black Heart.

         ✅Explanation:

          

         Jute is an important non-food crop in India. It is a natural fiber that is primarily used for making various products such as sacks, bags, ropes, twines, carpets, and mats.

          

         1) Lentil is a food crop that is commonly consumed in India and many other countries. It is not considered a non-food crop.

          

         3) Tea  is another important crop in India, but it is primarily grown for its leaves, which are processed to produce the popular beverage. Tea is considered a food crop rather than a non-food crop.

          

         4) Wheat  is one of the major food crops in India and a staple food for a large portion of the population. It is not classified as a non-food crop.

          

         Jute, on the other hand, is specifically cultivated for its fiber, which is used in various industrial applications rather than for direct consumption as food.

         Photoperiodism is the physiological reaction of organisms to the length of a night or a dark period.

         It occurs in plants and animals.

         Plant photoperiodism can also be defined as the developmental responses of plants to the relative lengths of light and dark periods. 

         Long-Day Plants: They require the periodic exposure of light exceeding the critical period to induce flowering. Examples: wheat and pea

         Short-Day Plants: They require the periodic exposure of light less than the critical period to induce flowering. Examples: Cotton and Rice.

         Day-neutral Plants: The flowering in many plants does not depend on the photoperiod. They are called day-neutral plants.

         It determines the Season in which a particular plant shall come to flower. Knowledge of photoperiodic effects is useful in keeping some plants in vegetative growth, obtaining a higher yield of tubers, rhizomes, etc., or keeping the plant in the reproductive stage.

         🔑Key Points 

         1. T & V stands for Training and Visit.

         2. It is an agricultural extension system developed by the World Bank.

         3. The system aims to build a professional extension service capable of assisting farmers to raise production and increase their incomes.

         4. It involves regular training and visits by extension workers to provide farmers with timely and relevant information and advice.

         watershed: Watershed is that land of an area that drains or contributes runoff to a common outlay.

         The Watershed technique is used in rainfed areas.

         Macro Watershed: 1000-10,000 ha

         Micro Watershed: 100-1000 ha

         Mini Watershed: 10-100 ha

         Milli Watershed: 1-10 ha

         Objective of Watershed management:

o        Production of food, fodder, and fuel.

o        Pollution control.

o        Overexploitation of resources should be minimized.

o        Water storage, flood control, checking sedimentation.

o        Wildlife preservation.

o        Erosion control and prevention of soil, degradation, and conservation of soil and water.

o        Employment generation through industrial development dairy fishery production.

o        Recharging of groundwater to provide regular water supply for consumption and industry as well as irrigation.

o        Recreational facilities.

         🔑Key Points

         1. A thermocouple is a type of temperature sensor that consists of two different metal wires joined at one end.

         2. When the junction of the two metals is heated or cooled, a voltage is produced that can be used to measure temperature.

         3. Thermocouples can be used to measure the temperature of a variety of objects, including leaves.

         4. Leaf temperature can provide information about plant water status and stress levels.

         Splash Erosion

o        Removal of soil particles due to raindrops is called Splash Erosion.

         Sheet Erosion

o        Removal of a thin and uniform covering of top productive/surface soil from large areas, often from entire fields, more or less, during every rain which produces a run-off.

o        It keeps the cultivator almost ignorant of its ill-effects.

         Rill Erosion

o        Channelization begins from rill erosion

o        When runoff starts, the soil is lost from small channels or rills by water.

o        Rills formation depends on the flow of raindrops.

o        Rills can be removed by timely tillage operations

         Gully Erosion

o        Size of unchecked rills increases due to continuous and high volume runoff and form gullies.

o        The gullies tend to deepen and widen with every heavy rainfall

o        They cut up large fields into small fragments and, in course of time, make them unfit for cultivation.

         ✅Explanation:

          

         Zinc is an important micro-nutrient for plants. It is classified as a micronutrient because plants require it in relatively small quantities compared to macronutrients like nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. Here are some key points regarding the importance of zinc as a micro-nutrient:

          

         1) Role in Plant Growth: Zinc plays a crucial role in various physiological processes in plants. It is essential for enzyme activity, protein synthesis, and carbohydrate metabolism.

          

         2) Chlorophyll Formation: Zinc is necessary for the synthesis of chlorophyll, the pigment responsible for capturing light energy during photosynthesis. Adequate zinc levels are important for maintaining healthy green leaves.

          

         3) Plant Defense Mechanisms: Zinc is involved in the activation of certain enzymes that help plants defend against various stresses and diseases. It enhances plant resistance to pathogens and contributes to overall plant health and vigor.

          

         4) Fruit and Seed Development: Zinc is vital for proper fruit and seed development. It influences fruit size, quality, and ripening. Zinc deficiency can lead to abnormalities in fruit and seed formation.

          

         5) Nutrient Uptake: Zinc plays a role in facilitating the uptake and transportation of other essential nutrients within plants. It aids in the efficient utilization of other nutrients, such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium.

          

         Zinc deficiency in plants can lead to various growth abnormalities, such as stunted growth, reduced yields, chlorosis (yellowing of leaves), and poor fruit development.

          

         While potassium, nitrogen, and calcium are essential nutrients for plants, they are classified as macronutrients rather than micro-nutrients. They are required by plants in larger quantities compared to zinc.

         NAFED is an apex Organisation under the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India deals with marketing cooperatives for agricultural produce in India.

         The full form of NAFED is the National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India.

         It was founded on 2nd October 1958 and registered under the Multi-State Co-operative Societies Act, of 2002.

         Its headquarters is in New Delhi, NAFED has four regional offices in Delhi, Mumbai, Chennai, and Kolkata, apart from 28 zonal offices in the capitals of states and important cities.

         The objectives of this organization

o        To organize, promote and develop marketing, processing, and storage of agricultural, horticultural and forest produce.

o        To distribute agricultural machinery, implements, and other inputs, undertake inter-state, import and export trade, wholesale or retail as the case may be.

o        To act and assist with technical advice in agricultural production for the promotion and the working of its members, partners, associates, and cooperative marketing, processing, and supply societies in India.

o        To act as a warehouseman under the Warehousing Act and own and construct its own godowns and cold storages.

         The National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India was established on 2 Oct 1958. 

         National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation of India Ltd (NAFED) is an apex organization of marketing cooperatives for agricultural produce in India.

         It is under the Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India.

         It was founded on the birthday of Mahatma Gandhi.

         NAFED is the nodal agency to implement price stabilization measures under "Operation Greens".

         NAFED along with FCI with the proactive role of state governments also physically procures oilseeds and pulses.

         National Bank For Agriculture & Rural Development (NABARD) was formed on July 12, 1982.

         ✅Explanation:

          

         A watershed refers to an area of land that collects and drains water into a common point, such as a lake, river, or stream. It is a geographic area where all precipitation and surface water flow into a specific water body or outlet.

          

         1) A watershed is not specifically a water body (option 1). Instead, it encompasses the land area surrounding and leading to a water body.

          

         2) While water storage may occur within a watershed, the primary definition of a watershed is the area of land that contributes to the water flow, rather than a specific place for water storage (option 2).

          

         4) A watershed is not related to a water park (option 4). It is a geographical concept and does not refer to a recreational or amusement facility.

         Neeranchal National Watershed Project:

o        Neeranchal will lead to reducing surface runoff of rainwater, increasing recharge of groundwater, and better availability of water in rainfed areas resulting in incremental rainfed agriculture productivity, enhanced milk yield, and increased cropping intensity through better convergence related programmes in project areas.

o        The project will be implemented by the Ministry of Rural Development.

o        It is a six-year period (2016-21) that will support the Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayi Yojana in hydrology and water management, agricultural production systems, capacity building, and monitoring and evaluation.

o        The Neeranchal project was approved by the cabinet with a Budget sharing of 50% by Govt and the rest 50% by the World Bank.

o        All 28 states which implement the watershed projects will benefit from Neeranchal.

o        12% of the area which can be called wasteland will be targeted through this project to make about 336 lakh hectares of land arable.

o        The World Bank-assisted 'National Watershed Management Project' or 'Neeranchal' 

         🔑Key Points

         Wheat (T. aestivum L.) haploid cells have 21 chromosomes.

         1. Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a hexaploid species with 6 sets of chromosomes.

         2. Its basic chromosome number is 7, so the total number of chromosomes in its somatic cells is 42 (6n = 42).

         3. Haploid cells, such as gametes, contain half the number of chromosomes as somatic cells.

         4. Therefore, wheat haploid cells have 21 chromosomes.

         ✅Explanation:

          

         Orchids are epiphytic plants that naturally grow on tree branches or in crevices, rather than in soil. Therefore, traditional soil-based mediums like sand, compost, or regular soil are not suitable for orchid cultivation.

          

         Instead, a common and suitable medium for orchid cultivation is a mixture of brick chips and wooden chips. This medium provides good aeration, drainage, and stability for orchid roots. The brick chips and wooden chips help mimic the natural environment where orchids thrive, allowing air circulation around the roots and preventing waterlogging.

         The specific ratio and composition of the medium may vary depending on the orchid species and growing conditions, but the use of brick chips and wooden chips is a commonly recommended practice for orchid cultivation.

          

         It's important to note that orchids have specific requirements for light, humidity, temperature, and watering. The choice of growing medium is just one aspect of providing the right conditions for successful orchid cultivation.

          

         Therefore, among the given options, the most common and suitable medium for orchid cultivation is a combination of brick chips plus wooden chips.

         🔑Key Points 

         The term 'monsoon' comes from the Arabic word "mausim", meaning season.

         The Monson describes a seasonal wind shift over a region that is usually accompanied by a dramatic increase in precipitation.

         The major monsoon systems of the world consist of the Asia-Australian and West African monsoons.

         The term "Monson" was first used in English in British India and neighboring countries to refer to the big seasonal winds blowing from the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea in the southwest bringing heavy rainfall to the area.

         🔑Key Points

         Dr. K. N. Singh is known as the Father of Extension in the Indian context. 

         1. Dr. K. N. Singh was a pioneer in the field of agricultural extension in India.

         2. He played a crucial role in developing extension education programs and establishing extension services in the country.

         3. He joined the Indian Agriculture Service (IAS) in 1948 and served as the Director of Extension Education at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute (IARI) in New Delhi.

         4. He was known for his innovative and participatory approach to extension, which emphasized the importance of farmer-centered development and the use of appropriate technology.

         Weather is the state of the atmosphere which refers to the day-to-day temperature and precipitation activity.

         For example, the degree to which it is hot or cold, wet or dry, calm or stormy, clear or cloudy.

         It is the lowest layer of the atmosphere - in which we live.

         It contains most of our weather - clouds, rain, snow.

         The lowest part of the Troposphere is called the boundary layer and the topmost part is called the tropopause.

         This layer extends upwards from the tropopause to about 50 km.

         It contains much of the ozone in the atmosphere.

         The temperature in Stratosphere is highest over the summer pole and lowest over the winter pole.

         Above the stratosphere is the mesosphere. It extends upward to a height of about 85 km above our planet. Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere.

         The coldest temperature in the Earth's atmosphere, about -90 °C is found near the top of this layer.

         This layer is found above Mesopause from 85 to 800 km.

         This the warmest layer of the atmosphere. Aurora and satellites occur in this layer.

         ​This is the outermost layer of the atmosphere.

         It contains mainly oxygen and hydrogen atoms they are so few that they rarely collide.

         They follow ballistic trajectories under the influence of gravity, and some of them escape directly into space.

         The ionosphere is a very active part of the atmosphere, and it grows and shrinks depending on the energy it absorbs from the Sun.

         The name ionosphere comes from the fact that gases in these layers are excited by solar radiation to form ions, which have an electrical charge.

         It overlaps the mesosphere, thermosphere, and exosphere.

         🔑Key Points

         According to the Union Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers’ Welfare (2020), Madhya Pradesh has the highest certified area in organic farming.1. Madhya Pradesh tops the list with 0.76 million ha of area under organic cultivation.

         2. This accounts for over 27% of India’s total organic cultivation area.

         3. The top three states — Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan and Maharashtra — account for about half the area under organic cultivation.

         🔑Key Points

         1. Warfarin is a chemical compound used as a rodenticide to control rats and mice.

         2. It works by inhibiting the action of vitamin K, which is essential for blood clotting.

         3. This causes the rodents to bleed to death after consuming the poison.

         4. Warfarin is also used as a medication to prevent blood clots in humans.

          🔑Key Points

          

         1. Florigen is a hormone-like substance that controls the flowering process in plants.

         2. It is produced in the leaves and transported to the shoot apical meristem, where it triggers the transition from vegetative growth to reproductive growth.

         3. The production of florigen is influenced by environmental factors such as day length and temperature.

         4. The exact chemical nature of florigen is still not fully understood, but it is believed to be a protein or a small molecule.

         🔑Key PointsDrying vegetables to such low moisture levels helps to ensure long-term preservation and inhibits the growth of microorganisms that can cause spoilage. The removal of most of the moisture from the vegetables during the drying process extends their shelf life and maintains their quality.

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         Achieving and maintaining the desired moisture content is important for the overall quality and safety of dried vegetables. Proper packaging and storage conditions are also necessary to prevent reabsorption of moisture and maintain the low moisture levels during storage.

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         Therefore, the correct answer is 3 - 5% for the average moisture content in dried vegetables. 

         🔑Key Points

         According to the Second Advance Estimates of National Income, 2022-23 released by Ministry of Statistics & Programme Implementation (MoSPI), the share of Gross value added (GVA) of agriculture and allied sectors in total economy for the year 2022-23 is 18.3%.

         1. The agriculture sector contributes about 18.3% to India's GDP.

         2. The share of Gross value added (GVA) of agriculture and allied sectors in total economy for the year 2022-23 is 18.3%.

         3. The contribution of the agriculture sector to India's GDP has been increasing over the years.